THE EFFECTS OF WHEAT GERM OIL AND LINOLEIC ACID ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF THE HOUSE CRICKET

Lipid other than sterol improves the growth and development of nymphs of Acheta domesticus (L.), as shown by the effect of adding wheat germ oil and linoleic acid to the diet. Such lipid is also necessary for reproduction: the effect appears to be on the male, but may also be on the female.

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Linoleic Acid, Vitamin E and Other Fat-Soluble Substances in the Nutrition of Certain insects, Ephestia Kuehniella, E. Elutella, E. Cautella and Plodia Interpunctella (Lep.)

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.22.3-4.172 ◽

1946 ◽

Vol 22 (3-4) ◽

pp. 172-190

Author(s):

G. FRAENKEL ◽

M. BLEWETT

Keyword(s):

Linoleic Acid ◽

Vitamin E ◽

Active Substance ◽

Wheat Germ ◽

Growth Effect ◽

Favourable Effect ◽

Unsaponifiable Fraction ◽

Wheat Germ Oil ◽

Acid Deficiency ◽

Saponifiable Fraction

1. The larvae of the moths belonging to the genus Ephestia, E. kuehniella, E. elutella and E. cautella grow well on artificial diets which also contain wheat-germ oil. In the absence of wheat-germ oil growth is slow, the mortality high and the moths fail to emerge from the pupae. 2. With suboptimal quantities of wheat-germ oil moths emerge with the wings lacking in scales. 3. The saponifiable fraction of wheat-germ oil is necessary for emergence and good scales, and the unsaponifiable fraction for good growth. 4. The active substance in the saponifiable fraction is linoleic acid. Linolenic acid has approximately the same effect as linoleic acid. Oleic acid has no effect. 5. The active substance in the unsaponifiable fraction is vitamin E (α-tocopherol) and possibly other antioxidants. One of the functions of vitamin E is that of an antioxidant which stabilizes linoleic acid. In this respect vitamin E can be replaced by ethyl and propyl gallates, or by ascorbic acid. 6. Apart from this stabilizing effect on linoleic acid, the unsaponifiable fraction of wheat-germ oil, or vitamin E, have also an independent growth effect. There are also indications that linoleic acid has a growth effect. 7. It is shown that the effect of a number of vegetable and animal fats on scales and emergence is strictly parallel to their linoleic acid content. 8. With cod-liver oil, halibut-liver oil, lard and butter growth is fast, while the effect on scales and emergence is small or nil. The growth effect of codliver oil is mainly or partly due to its content of docosahexenoic and probably other highly unsaturated fatty acids. 9. Large quantities of cereal starches in the diet have a favourable effect on scales and emergence which is attributed to the presence, in starch, of impurities of linoleic acid. No such effect has been encountered with potato starch which is free of linoleic acid. 10. The similarities and dissimilarities in the linoleic acid deficiency of the rat and Ephestia have been discussed. 11. The symptoms of the linoleic acid deficiency of Ephestia are similar, if not perhaps identical, with those of a genetical condition known as Glasflügeligkeit

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THE ROLE OF LIPID IN THE NUTRITION OF THE HOUSE CRICKET, ACHETA DOMESTICUS L. (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z65-007 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 87-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

J. E. S. Meikle ◽

J. E. McFarlane

Keyword(s):

Acheta Domesticus ◽

Active Principle ◽

Wheat Germ Oil ◽

Drastic Reduction ◽

House Cricket ◽

Total Absence ◽

Preoviposition Period ◽

Absolute Effect ◽

Reproductive Effect

Experiments were carried out to determine the active principle(s) in wheat-germ oil responsible for the reproductive effect exerted by this substance on the house cricket, Acheta domesticus L., and also to investigate the physiological effects of the substance(s). The active principle is vitamin E. It exerts an absolute effect on the last nymphal stadium of the male, but the female appears to be unaffected. Spermatogenic activity is disrupted in the absence of the vitamin, resulting in drastic reduction or a total absence of sperm cells in the testes. Withholding the vitamin from insects causes the preoviposition period to be lengthened and fewer eggs to be laid.

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INFLUENCE OF DIETARY COPPER AND ZINC ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF THE HOUSE CRICKET (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE)

The Canadian Entomologist ◽

10.4039/ent108387-4 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 108 (4) ◽

pp. 387-390 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

J. E. McFarlane

Keyword(s):

Trace Elements ◽

Artificial Diet ◽

Acheta Domesticus ◽

House Cricket ◽

Dietary Copper ◽

Low Level ◽

Growth Requirements ◽

Copper And Zinc ◽

Growth And Reproduction

AbstractThe addition of copper to an artificial diet greatly improves growth of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.). Adding zinc improves growth in the presence of added copper, but not in its absence, indicating an interaction between the two trace elements. Reproduction is always ’normal’ with added copper in the diet. Zinc added at a low level will support ’normal’ reproduction, but not at high levels. Survival is poor without added copper in the diet. It is suggested that the minimum growth requirements for zinc and copper are a total of 23 μg/g diet and 14 μg/g diet respectively.

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THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF GRASSHOPPERS: II. EFFECTS OF PLANT PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND EXTRACTS OF BRAN ON GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND SURVIVAL OF THE GRASSHOPPERS MELANOPLUS BIVITTATUS (SAY) AND CAMNULA PELLUCIDA (SCUDDER)

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z64-003 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 42 (1) ◽

pp. 23-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

J. K. Nayar

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Wheat Germ ◽

Adult Stage ◽

Lipid Fraction ◽

Phosphatidyl Inositol ◽

Ethanol Extract ◽

Phospholipid Fraction ◽

Wheat Germ Oil ◽

Synthetic Diet ◽

Growth Development

Nymphs of the grasshopper Camnula pellucida (Scudder) were reared successfully to the adult stage on the chemically defined synthetic diet used for Melano-plus bivittatus (Say). Effects of wheat-germ oil, two fractions of wheat-germ oil (neutral lipid fraction and phospholipid fraction), and lecithins on growth, development, and survival of M. bivittutus and C. pellucida were studied. Experiments showing enhanced growth and development of both these species of grasshoppers, after the addition of phospholipid fraction of wheat-germ oil in the synthetic diet, were confirmed by incorporating commercially available phospholipids, as phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl inositol (which are constituents of wheat-germ oil), in the synthetic diet. As growth could occur on diets lacking special gustatory substances but containing only essential nutrients, the apparent improvements in growth and development of nymphs on diets containing phospholipids were attributed to enhanced palatability of the diet. The effects of higher moisture rontent available because of the use of different-sized cages for rearing were also demonstrated on both the species of grasshoppers. Higher relative humidity available in small plastic dishes improved growth and development of M. bivittatus nymphs, but these factors did not show any apparent effects on growth and development of C. pellucida nymphs. Ether extract of bran did not improve growth of either species, but ethanol extract of ether-extracted bran and ether-and-ethanol-extracted bran improved growth of both the species to a great extent. M. bivittatus could eat and grow from firat-instar nymphs to the adult stage on bran, whereas C. pellucida. nymphs could not grow and survive on bran alone. Behavioral differences of the two species of grasshoppers were discussed.

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Inhibition of spermiogenesis by dietary linoleic acid in the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.)

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A Physiology ◽

10.1016/0300-9629(81)92576-7 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 70 (4) ◽

pp. 571-573

Author(s):

M.H.W. Distler ◽

J.E. McFarlane

Keyword(s):

Linoleic Acid ◽

Acheta Domesticus ◽

Dietary Linoleic Acid ◽

House Cricket

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Electron investigations of rhabdovirus-like particles in mexican bean beetles and crickets

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100082753 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 378-379

Author(s):

J. R. Adams ◽

G. J Tompkins ◽

A. M. Heimpel ◽

E. Dougherty

Keyword(s):

Biological Control ◽

Integrated Pest Management ◽

Pest Management ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Management Program ◽

Acheta Domesticus ◽

Epilachna Varivestis ◽

House Cricket ◽

Similar Morphology ◽

Bean Beetle

As part of a continual search for potential pathogens of insects for use in biological control or on an integrated pest management program, two bacilliform virus-like particles (VLP) of similar morphology have been found in the Mexican bean beetle Epilachna varivestis Mulsant and the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L. ).Tissues of diseased larvae and adults of E. varivestis and all developmental stages of A. domesticus were fixed according to procedures previously described. While the bean beetles displayed no external symptoms, the diseased crickets displayed a twitching and shaking of the metathoracic legs and a lowered rate of activity.Examinations of larvae and adult Mexican bean beetles collected in the field in 1976 and 1977 in Maryland and field collected specimens brought into the lab in the fall and reared through several generations revealed that specimens from each collection contained vesicles in the cytoplasm of the midgut filled with hundreds of these VLP's which were enveloped and measured approximately 16-25 nm x 55-110 nm, the shorter VLP's generally having the greater width (Fig. 1).

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Fish oil plus wheat germ oil have no prominent effect on homocysteine levels and nutritional indices in hemodialysis patients

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000604 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Hadeer Zakaria ◽

Tarek M. Mostafa ◽

Gamal A. El-Azab ◽

Nagy AH Sayed-Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Vitamin E ◽

Fish Oil ◽

Wheat Germ ◽

Hemodialysis Patients ◽

Nutritional Indices ◽

Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Wheat Germ Oil ◽

Serum Homocysteine

Abstract. Background: Elevated homocysteine levels and malnutrition are frequently detected in hemodialysis patients and are believed to exacerbate cardiovascular comorbidities. Omega-3 fatty acids have been postulated to lower homocysteine levels by up-regulating metabolic enzymes and improving substrate availability for homocysteine degradation. Additionally, it has been suggested that prevention of folate depletion by vitamin E consumption decreases homocysteine levels. However, data on the effect of omega-3 fatty acids and/or vitamin E on homocysteine levels and nutritional status have been inconclusive. Therefore, this study was planned to examine the effect of combined supplementation of fish oil, as a source of omega-3 fatty acids, with wheat germ oil, as a source of vitamin E, on homocysteine and nutritional indices in hemodialysis patients. Methods: This study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Forty-six hemodialysis patients were randomly assigned to two equally-sized groups; a supplemented group who received 3000 mg/day of fish oil [1053 mg omega-3 fatty acids] plus 300 mg/day of wheat germ oil [0.765 mg vitamin E], and a matched placebo group who received placebo capsules for 4 months. Serum homocysteine and different nutritional indices were measured before and after the intervention. Results: Twenty patients in each group completed the study. At the end of the study, there were no significant changes in homocysteine levels and in the nutritional indices neither in the supplemented nor in the placebo-control groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Fish oil and wheat germ oil combination did not produce significant effects on serum homocysteine levels and nutritional indices of hemodialysis patients.

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