Pengayaan biskuit dengan fortifikasi fraksi tidak tersabunkan mengandung senyawa bioaktif multi komponen dari distilat asam lemak minyak sawit

Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is a by product of CPO (crude palm oil) physical refining. PFAD containing multicomponent bioactive compounds such as tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytosterols, and squalene which accumulated in unsaponifiable fraction (UF) and can be separated by saponification. Utilization of bioactive compounds can be applied on food products by fortification into biscuits. The research aimed to determine the effect of addition level of UF from PFAD on physical and organoleptics of the biscuits and also to determine chemical characteristic and bioactive compounds from the best treatment biscuit. The method used a completely randomized design with one factor, namely the level of addition of the UF from PFAD consisted of 6 treatments and was repeated four times. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), then continued using the Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) with significance level of 5%. The best treatment in this study was a treatment which contained 0.5% (w/w) of the UF from PFAD. The best biscuit had chemichal characteristics included those were the water content 1.81 ± 0.06%, 2.10 ± 0.06% ash content, 27.98 ± 0.54% fat content, 8.04 ± 0.13% protein content, 0.22 ± 0.02% crude fiber content, 60.07 ± 0.66% carbohydrate content, 2.66 ± 0.00002% FFA, and 7.10 ± 0.19 mek/kg total oxidation. The best biscuit contained bioactive compounds such as 147.19 ppm α–tocotrienol, 190.30 ppm δ–tocotrienol, 68.091 ppm ϒ–tocotrienol, 5,848.45 ppm β–sitosterol, 143.97 ppm stigmasterol, 621.09 ppm campesterol, and squalene content 3,284.50 ppm.

SLE Single-Step Purification and HPLC Isolation Method for Sterols and Triterpenic Dialcohols Analysis from Olive Oil

The unsaponifiable fraction of oils and fats constitutes a very small fraction but it is an essential part of the healthy properties of some specific oils. It is a complex fraction formed by a large number of minor compounds and it is a source of information to characterize and authenticate the oil sample. Specially, the composition of sterols of any oil or fat is a distinctive feature of itself and, therefore, it has become a useful tool for detecting contaminants and adulterants in oils. A new supported liquid extraction (SLE) technique for the analysis and characterization of the unsaponifiable fraction of fats and oils is proposed. The SLE system includes, as a stationary phase, a combination of adsorbent materials which allow a highly purified unsaponifiable matter ready to be isolated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and quantified by gas chromatography (GC). This method ensures the removal of fatty acids, avoiding possible interferences and making the analysis of sterols and triterpenic dialcohols easier. The procedure uses a small sample size (0.2 g), reduces the volume of solvents and reagents, and reduces the handling of samples subjected to analytical control. All this is achieved without losing either precision—a relative standard deviation of each compound lower than the reference value (≤16.4%)—or recovery, being for all compounds higher than 88.00%. Therefore, this new technique represents a significant economic and time saving in business control laboratories, a larger productivity and enhancement of working safety.

Olive Tree in Circular Economy as a Source of Secondary Metabolites Active for Human and Animal Health Beyond Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) contains many bioactive compounds with multiple biological activities that make it one of the most important functional foods. Both the constituents of the lipid fraction and that of the unsaponifiable fraction show a clear action in reducing oxidative stress by acting on various body components, at concentrations established by the European Food Safety Authority’s claims. In addition to the main product obtained by the mechanical pressing of the fruit, i.e., the EVOO, the residual by-products of the process also contain significant amounts of antioxidant molecules, thus potentially making the Olea europea L. an excellent example of the circular economy. In fact, the olive mill wastewaters, the leaves, the pomace, and the pits discharged from the EVOO production process are partially recycled in the nutraceutical and cosmeceutical fields also because of their antioxidant effect. This work presents an overview of the biological activities of these by-products, as shown by in vitro and in vivo assays, and also from clinical trials, as well as their main formulations currently available on the market.

n-Alkanes and n-Alkenes in Virgin Olive Oil from Calabria (South Italy): The Effects of Cultivar and Harvest Date

n-Alkanes and n-alkenes are components of the unsaponifiable fraction of an olive oil. These were analysed by GC on-column analysis and are here proposed as an additional tool to certify the origin, authenticity, traceability and chemical quality of olive oil produced in the Reggio Calabria province (South Italy). Nine cultivars were studied: Cassanese, Coratina, Itrana, Leccino, Nociara, Ottobratica, Pendolino, Picholine and Sinopolese grown in the region of Calabria (South Italy). n-Alkanes in the range from 21 to 35 chain carbon atoms and alkenes in the range from 23:1 to 25:1 chain carbon atoms were found with the following elution order: heneicosane (C21), docosane (C22), tricosene (C23:1), tricosane (C23), tetracosene (C24:1), tetracosane (C24), pentacosene (C25:1), pentacosane (C25), hexacosane (C26), eptacosane (C27), octacosane (C28), nonacosane (C29), triacontane (C30), entriacontane (C31), dotriacontane (C32), tritriacontane (C33), tetratriacontane (C34), pentatriacontane (C35). The oil of all cultivars showed a decreasing trend in total n-alkane and n-alkene content, with the oil of Sinopolese showing the highest content, varying from 328.50 to 214.00 mg/kg. Odd-chain alkanes predominated over even-chain n-alkanes, and tricosane, tetracosane and pentacosane were the most represented alkanes. Cultivar and harvest date significantly influenced the n-alkane and n-alkene content. These findings can be useful to distinguish different olive cultivars and to decide the fruit harvest date for the oil of the Reggio Calabria province (South Italy). A daily quantity of 30 g of olive oil of the Sinoplese cv (the one with the highest n-alkane and n-alkene content) was found to be in accordance with the suggestions of the European Agency for the evaluation of medicinal products Committee for veterinary medicinal products and biogenic hydrocarbons intake for the human diet.

Identification of alkylsalicylic acids in Lentisk oil (Pistacia lentiscus L.) and viability assay on Human Normal Dermal Fibroblasts

Pistacia lentiscus L. (Anacardiaceae) is widely distributed in the Mediterranean basin. Its fruit oil is used in traditional medicine to treat burns, skin impairments as well as inflammatory diseases as soothing massage or internal use. An increased interest is spotted lately with several commercial brands are spun portraying the benefits of this oil but with no stringent regulations to ascertain its safe use as an edible or cosmeceutical product. This work concerned the investigation of secondary metabolites presents in Pistacia lentiscus fruits oil using both GC-MS and HPLC-DAD-MS technics, and the evaluation of cytotoxicity on human normal dermal fibroblasts to assess safety of use as cosmetic ingredient. This study stands as the first one to report the identification of alkylsalicylic acids in fruits oil and unsaponifiable fraction of Pistacia lentiscus fruit oil which calls for therefore, quantification of alkylsalicylic acids, known as skin irritants, in Pistacia lentiscus oil, used as nutraceuticals or cosmeceuticals by manufacturers.

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities of the unsaponifiable fraction of extra virgin olive oil

The health benefits of olive oil are well-known. In this study, the unsaponifiable fraction of extra virgin olive oil (Unsap) was investigated for reducing power capacity, ferric reducing antioxidant power, fer-rous chelating activity and nitric oxide inhibition. The present study was also designed to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxic effect of the Unsap against human carcinoma cells. The anti-inflammatory potential of Unsap has been determined via the inhibition of Human Cyclooxygenases. The results showed that Unsap is efficient for ferric reducing antioxidant power and nitric oxide inhibition. Unsap has a selective effect as anti-inflammatory agent. The results showed moderate to good in vitro antitumor activities of Unsap against human liver, lung and pancreas cancer cells with IC50 ranging from 19.6 to 30.4 μg/mL and good selectivity index (≥ 2). In conclusion, Unsap represents a promising and safe antitumor and antioxidant material that supports the need for further investigation.

Evaluation of the Effect of Nigella sativa Oil’s Unsaponifiable Fraction on Oxidative Stress Markers in Carbon Tetrachloride-liver Damage Model

Background/Aim: Liver disease constitutes a public health problem at the global level. This study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of the total oil’s unsaponifiable fraction (UF) of a medicinal plant called Nigella sativa. Methods: The extraction of unsaponifiables from the total seed oil of the medicinal plant Nigella sativa was carried out according to the standardized methods of the European Pharmacopoeia (Edition 5.0). Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is hepatotoxic with mandatory and predictable action of the indirect type. Acute poisoning of Male albino rats with 1:1 (v/v) mixture of CCl4 and olive oil (3 ml/Kg b.w. of rat by subcutaneous injection) induces considerable liver pain. Results: Nigella sativa UF is found to be rich in tocopherols; its administration as a curative or preventive treatment to poisoned animals results in a very significant reduction in transaminases (ALT, AST) and ALP. Histological study shows that livers are in better condition than those of intoxicated rats. The statute of enzymes and antioxidant molecules (SOD, CATA, GSH, MDA) has significantly improved. Conclusion: Measurable biological evidence has been given to the use of such extract as effective substances against hepatic diseases.

Anti-rachitic effect of oil exposed to ultraviolet rays

Hess (Zeit. F. Kindhlk., Bd. 39) illuminated vegetable oils with a quartz lamp from a distance of 33 centimeters. In one hour. The oils acquired a fishy smell and anti-rachitic properties. The addition of such oil in the amount of 0.1 to the diet, which can cause rickets in rats, protects them from disease. Antirachitic properties are due to the unsaponifiable fraction of the oil, consisting of phytosterol.

Identification of alkylsalicylic acids in Lentisk oil (Pistacia lentiscus L.) and cytotoxicity on Human Normal Dermal Fibroblasts

ABSTRACTPistacia lentiscus L. (Anacardiaceae) is widely distributed in the Mediterranean basin. Its fruit oil is used in traditional medicine to treat burns, skin impairments as well as inflammatory diseases as soothing massage or internal use. An increased interest is spotted lately with several commercial brands are spun portraying the benefits of this oil but with no stringent regulations to ascertain its safe use as an edible or cosmeceutical product. This work concerned the investigation of secondary metabolites presents in Pistacia lentiscus fruits oil using both GC-MS and HPLC-DAD-MS technics, and the evaluation of cytotoxicity on human normal dermal fibroblasts to assess safety of use as cosmetic ingredient. This study stands as the first one to report the identification of alkylsalicylic acids in fruits oil and unsaponifiable fraction of Pistacia lentiscus fruit oil which calls for therefore, quantification of alkylsalicylic acids, known as skin irritants, in Pistacia lentiscus oil, used as nutraceuticals or cosmeceuticals by manufacturers.