Gill irrigation in Rana catesbeiana. Part I. On the anatomical basis

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 481-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Gradwell
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Rana Catesbeiana ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Anatomical Basis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Anuran Tadpole ◽  
First Time

The gross and histological anatomy of the gill irrigation apparatus are discussed. Two histologically different types of muscle fiber are identified in certain muscles by virtue of the difference in the proportion of fibrillar to sarcoplasmic material in the muscle fibers. An accessory jaw tendon, the valve of the first gill cleft, and several ligaments are described for the first time in an anuran tadpole. An opercular muscle and a fascia lateralis are also described for the first time in a ranid tadpole. The rugulose lining of the pharynx is well vascularized; attention is also drawn to epithelial cells whose points project into the lumen of the pharynx. Several discrepancies in the literature on tadpole anatomy are discussed. To facilitate functional studies, an alphanumeric terminology is proposed for the branchiomeric muscles.

The respiratory importance of vascularization of the tadpole operculum in Rana catesbeiana Shaw

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1239-1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Gradwell
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Respiratory Function ◽  
Rana Catesbeiana ◽  
Bullfrog Tadpole ◽  
Anuran Tadpole ◽  
First Time ◽  
Arteries And Veins

Capillary densities in the opercular membrane of the bullfrog tadpole are consistent with the postulate that this membrane has the respiratory function of increasing the surface area for blood ventilation. The arteries and veins of the opercular membrane are mapped and identified for the first time in an anuran tadpole.

Morphogenetic sequences during tadpole tail regeneration

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 1314-1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine H. Atkinson ◽  
Burr G. Atkinson ◽  
Peter A. Merrifield
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Rana Catesbeiana ◽  
Neuromuscular Junctions ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Proximal Region ◽  
Chronological Order ◽  
Tail Regeneration ◽  
Nerve Axon ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Tadpole Tail

The appearance of differentiated tissue types after amputation of Rana catesbeiana tadpole tail follows a precise chronological order. Migrating epithelial cells invest the wound within 3 days. Blastemal cells accumulate under the distal epithelium in the early stages when tissue debris is cleared away, then by day 11 notochordal outgrowth and nerve axon replacement predominate in the highly vascularized blastema.Fusion of the myoblasts to form the first detectable myotubes occurs in the proximal region of the regenerate by day 14. Myogenesis proceeds distally with myotubes present under the epithelium of the distal tip of the regenerate at day 19. After day 22 further increase in tail musculature is probably due to the growth of fibers already formed. At day 22 the new muscle fibers begin to anastomose with the healed ends of the old fibers. From 35 to 48 days the major remaining difference from control tissues is the size and extent of the regenerated muscle fibers; capillaries, axons, epidermis and dermis, and neuromuscular junctions are morphologically indistinguishable from unregenerated tissues.

scholarly journals Functional studies of the domains of talin.

1990 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 1635-1644 ◽  
Author(s):  
G H Nuckolls ◽  
C E Turner ◽  
K Burridge
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Focal Adhesions ◽  
Small Fragment ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Structural Domains ◽  
Calcium Dependent ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Small Domain ◽  
The Difference

The protein talin has two domains of approximately 200 and 47 kD, which can be cleaved apart by a variety of proteases. To examine the function of these two structural domains of talin, we have digested purified talin with a calcium-dependent protease and separated the resulting fragments chromatographically. Both fragments were radioiodinated and used to probe Western blots of whole fibroblasts and chicken gizzard extracts. The large talin fragment bound to vinculin and metavinculin. The small fragment did not demonstrate any binding in this assay. The fragments were labeled fluorescently and microinjected into fibroblasts in tissue culture. The large talin fragment incorporated quickly into focal adhesions where it remained stable for at least 14 h. The small fragment associated with focal adhesions of fibroblasts but was also distributed diffusely in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. These experiments suggest that talin has at least two sites that contribute to its localization in focal adhesions. Intact talin microinjected into Madin-Darby bovine kidney epithelial cells localized to the focal adhesions but was excluded from the zonulae adherentes, despite the localization of vinculin to both of these sites. In contrast, the large talin fragment, when microinjected into these epithelial cells, incorporated into both focal adhesions and zonulae adherentes. The difference in localization between the large talin fragment and intact talin seems to be due to the removal of the small domain. This difference in localization suggests that talin binding sites in zonulae adherentes have limited accessibility.

scholarly journals Ionocytes and CFTR Chloride Channel Expression in Normal and Cystic Fibrosis Nasal and Bronchial Epithelial Cells

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2090
Author(s):  
Paolo Scudieri ◽  
Ilaria Musante ◽  
Arianna Venturini ◽  
Daniela Guidone ◽  
Michele Genovese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Chloride Channel ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Chloride Secretion ◽  
Bronchial Epithelial Cells ◽  
Bronchial Epithelial ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
The Difference

The airway epithelium contains ionocytes, a rare cell type with high expression of Forkhead Box I1 (FOXI1) transcription factor and Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR), a chloride channel that is defective in cystic fibrosis (CF). Our aim was to verify if ionocyte development is altered in CF and to investigate the relationship between ionocytes and CFTR-dependent chloride secretion. We collected nasal cells by brushing to determine ionocyte abundance. Nasal and bronchial cells were also expanded in vitro and reprogrammed to differentiated epithelia for morphological and functional studies. We found a relatively high (~3%) ionocyte abundance in ex vivo nasal samples, with no difference between CF and control individuals. In bronchi, ionocytes instead appeared very rarely as previously reported, thus suggesting a possible proximal–distal gradient in human airways. The difference between nasal and bronchial epithelial cells was maintained in culture, which suggests an epigenetic control of ionocyte development. In the differentiation phase of the culture procedure, we used two media that resulted in a different pattern of CFTR expression: confined to ionocytes or more broadly expressed. CFTR function was similar in both conditions, thus indicating that chloride secretion equally occurs irrespective of CFTR expression pattern.

scholarly journals Infection of polarized epithelial cells with flavivirus West Nile: polarized entry and egress of virus occur through the apical surface

2002 ◽  
Vol 83 (10) ◽  
pp. 2427-2435 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. H. Chu ◽  
M. L. Ng
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Microtubule Network ◽  
Polarized Epithelial Cells ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First Time ◽  
Productive Virus ◽  
Virus Proteins

Both polarized epithelial Vero (C1008) and non-polarized Vero (control) cells were grown on permeable cell culture inserts and infected either apically or basolaterally with West Nile (WN) or Kunjin (KUN) virus. KUN virus (closely related to WN virus) was used as a comparison. Using indirect immunofluorescence and plaque assays of productive virus titres, entry of WN and KUN viruses was confined to the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells. For the first time, these results provided evidence on the distribution of flavivirus-specific receptor(s) in polarized epithelial cells; that is to say that receptor expression was shown to be predominant at the apical surface. In addition, the release of these viruses from polarized Vero C1008 epithelial cells was also examined. Egress of WN virus strain Sarafend (S) was observed to occur predominantly at the apical surface of Vero C1008 cells. In contrast, the release of KUN virus was bi-directional from polarized Vero C1008 cells. Furthermore, disruption of the cellular microtubule network was shown to inhibit the apical release of WN (S) virus but had no effect on the release of KUN virus. Hence, the difference in the release of these closely related viruses suggested the involvement of a microtubule-dependent, polarized sorting mechanism for WN virus proteins but not for KUN virus proteins in polarized epithelial cells.

Probabilistic Assessment of Reliability and Risk Values by Certification Results

2020 ◽  
pp. 52-67
Author(s):  
Vladimir A. Lapin ◽  
Erken S. Aldakhov ◽  
S. D. Aldakhov ◽  
A. B. Ali
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Housing Stock ◽  
Seismic Resistance ◽  
Probabilistic Assessment ◽  
Quantitative Estimates ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Reduce Risk ◽  
First Time ◽  
Structural Solutions ◽  
Practical Recommendations

For the first time in Almaty full passport of apartment stock of multiapartment building was carried out. The structure of the housing stock was revealed with the allocation of groups of buildings according to structural solutions and assessment of their seismic resistance. Based on the results of certification, quantitative estimates of failure probability values for different types of buildings were obtained. Formulas for estimation of quantitative value of seismic risk are obtained. The number of deaths in the estimated zem-shakes was estimated. The results of the assessments will be used for practical recommendations to reduce risk and expected losses in possible earthquakes.

Strategies for Oral Delivery of Metal-Saturated Lactoferrin

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1046-1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Przemysław Gajda-Morszewski ◽  
Klaudyna Śpiewak-Wojtyła ◽  
Maria Oszajca ◽  
Małgorzata Brindell
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Function ◽  
First Time

Lactoferrin was isolated and purified for the first time over 50-years ago. Since then, extensive studies on the structure and function of this protein have been performed and the research is still being continued. In this mini-review we focus on presenting recent scientific efforts towards the elucidation of the role and therapeutic potential of lactoferrin saturated with iron(III) or manganese(III) ions. The difference in biological activity of metal-saturated lactoferrin vs. the unmetalated one is emphasized. The strategies for oral delivery of lactoferrin, are also reviewed, with particular attention to the metalated protein.

Nokhri, Ger, and the Art of Separation in the Hebrew Bible

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adi Ophir ◽  
Ishay Rosen-Zvi
Keyword(s):  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Biblical Literature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
First Time

This chapter traces the developments of various terms denoting “others” in biblical literature. In much of the biblical corpus, Israel is still one goy among many, and the difference between it and its Others is neither binary nor stable. After a brief analysis of the dynamics of familial and ethnwic separations in Genesis and Exodus, this chapter concentrates on the priestly and Deuteronomistic modes of separating peoples, examines the novelty and limitedness of the Deuteronomistic legislation, where the nokhri (stranger) is systematically contrasted for the first time with the Israelite (referred to as “your brother”), and follows the various modes of separations and their rationales.

The Small State Challenge

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Corbett ◽  
Wouter Veenendaal
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Small States ◽  
Small State ◽  
Informal Politics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Approach Method ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
First Time

Chapter 1 introduces the main arguments of the book; outlines the approach, method, and data; defines key terms; and provides a chapter outline. Global theories of democratization have systematically excluded small states, which make up roughly 20 per cent of countries. These cases debunk mainstream theories of why democratization succeeds or fails. This book brings small states into the comparative politics fold for the first time. It is organized thematically, with each chapter tackling one of the main theories from the democratization literature. Different types of data are examined—case studies and other documentary evidence, interviews and observation. Following an abductive approach, in addition to examining the veracity of existing theory, each chapter is also used to build an explanation of how democracy is practiced in small states. Specifically, we highlight how small state politics is shaped by personalization and informal politics, rather than formal institutional design.

scholarly journals MiRNA Expression in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of Frequent Localizations

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Alexandra Korotaeva ◽  
Danzan Mansorunov ◽  
Natalya Apanovich ◽  
Anna Kuzevanova ◽  
Alexander Karpukhin
Keyword(s):  
Mirna Expression ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Clinical Biomarkers ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Functional Features ◽  
First Time ◽  
Potential Biomarkers

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are infrequent malignant tumors of a neuroendocrine nature that arise in various organs. They occur most frequently in the lungs, intestines, stomach and pancreas. Molecular diagnostics and prognosis of NEN development are highly relevant. The role of clinical biomarkers can be played by microRNAs (miRNAs). This work is devoted to the analysis of data on miRNA expression in NENs. For the first time, a search for specificity or a community of their functional characteristics in different types of NEN was carried out. Their properties as biomarkers were also analyzed. To date, more than 100 miRNAs have been characterized as differentially expressed and significant for the development of NEN tumors. Only about 10% of the studied miRNAs are expressed in several types of NEN; differential expression of the remaining 90% was found only in tumors of specific localizations. A significant number of miRNAs have been identified as potential biomarkers. However, only a few miRNAs have values that characterized their quality as markers. The analysis demonstrates the predominant specific expression of miRNA in each studied type of NEN. This indicates that miRNA’s functional features are predominantly influenced by the tissue in which they are formed.

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