Structure, innervation, and distribution of sensilla on the wings of a grasshopper

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 1542-1553 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Albert ◽  
R. Y. Zacharuk ◽  
L. Wong
Keyword(s):  
Hind Wing ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Feedback Mechanism ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Campaniform Sensilla ◽  
Melanoplus Sanguinipes ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Number Distribution ◽  
Wing Folding

The upper surfaces of the wings of the adult grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes bear long, medium, short, and minute innervated trichoid hairs, and campaniform sensilla. There are 2.2 times more of these sensilla, and their density is 5.8 limes greater on the fore wings than on the hind wings. They are concentrated along the primary longitudinal veins, and at the tips of both wings, and at the base and along the leading edge of the hind wing. These sensilla could possibly provide a feedback mechanism towards a coordinating role in flight, and a proprioceptor role in wing folding and unfolding.Possible chordotonal organs, multipolar neurons of type II, and an unidentified sensillum were noted also, but their number, distribution, and functional roles were not studied.

EVOLUTION OF THE HIND WING IN COLEOPTERA

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmila Kukalová-Peck ◽  
John F. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Wing Vein ◽  
Folding Mechanism ◽  
Evolutionary Radiation ◽  
Wing Veins ◽  
Phylogenetic Scheme ◽  
Wing Folding

AbstractA survey is made of the major features of the venation, articulation, and folding in the hind wings of Coleoptera. The documentation is based upon examination of 108 Coleoptera families and 200 specimens, and shown in 101 published figures. Wing veins and articular sclerites are homologized with elements of the neopteran wing groundplan, resulting in wing vein terminology that differs substantially from that generally used by coleopterists. We tabulate the differences between currently used venational nomenclature and the all-pterygote homologous symbols. The use of the neopteran groundplan, combined with the knowledge of the way in which veins evolved, provides many strong characters linked to the early evolutionary radiation of Coleoptera. The order originated with the development of the apical folding of the hind wings under the elytra executed by the radial and medial loop. The loops, which are very complex venational structures, further diversified in four distinctly different ways which mark the highest (suborder) taxa. The remaining venation and the wing articulation have changed with the loops, which formed additional synapomorphies and autapomorphies at the suborder, superfamily, and sometimes even family and tribe levels. Relationships among the four currently recognized suborders of Coleoptera are reexamined using hind wing characters. The number of wing-related apomorphies are 16 in Coleoptera, seven in Archostemata + Adephaga–Myxophaga, four in Adephaga–Myxophaga, seven in Myxophaga, nine in Archostemata, and five in Polyphaga. The following phylogenetic scheme is suggested: Polyphaga [Archostemata (Adephaga + Myxophaga)]. Venational evidence is given to define two major lineages (the hydrophiloid and the eucinetoid) within the suborder Polyphaga. The unique apical wing folding mechanism of beetles is described. Derived types of wing folding are discussed, based mainly on a survey of recent literature. A sister group relationship between Coleoptera and Strepsiptera is supported by hind wing evidence.

Design of bionic foldable wing mimicking the hind wings of the C. buqueti bamboo weevil

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Xin Li ◽  
Ce Guo ◽  
Yaopeng Ma ◽  
Yu Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Hind Wing ◽  
Linkage Mechanism ◽  
Load Bearing Capacity ◽  
Wing Membrane ◽  
Flexible Coupling ◽  
Wing Base ◽  
Coupling Dynamics ◽  
Stiffness Characteristics ◽  
Cyrtotrachelus Buqueti ◽  
Wing Folding

Abstract The bamboo weevil, Cyrtotrachelus buqueti, has excellent flight ability and strong environmental adaptability. When it flies, its fore wings and hind wings are unfolded, whereas when it crawls, its fore wings are closed, and its flexible hind wings are regularly folded under the fore wings. In this paper, the hind wing folding/unfolding pattern of C. buqueti is analyzed and a new bionic foldable wing with rigid–flexible coupling consisting of a link mechanism and a wing membrane is constructed. The movement of the link at the wing base mimics the contraction of a muscle in the thorax that triggers scissor-like motion and the deployment of the veins. Elastic hinges are used to mimic the rotational motion of the wing base and the vein joints. The static/dynamic characteristics of bionic foldable wings are further analyzed, and the LS-DYNA software is used to investigate rigid–flexible coupling dynamics. The elastic deformation of the wing membrane, kinematic characteristics of the linkage mechanism, and modes of the whole system are calculated. Static analysis of the structure reveals that the foldable wing has excellent stiffness characteristics and load-bearing capacity. The bionic foldable wing is constructed using 3D printing technology, and its folding and unfolding performance is tested. Evaluation of its performance shows that the bionic wing has a large fold ratio and can achieve stable folding and unfolding motions. A slightly tighter assembly between the pin and the hinge hole ensures that the wing does not fold back during flapping.

DIABETICS DEMONSTRATE A BLUNTED VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR RESPONSE TO DESMOPRESSIN INFUSION

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
M B Grant ◽  
T Daniels ◽  
D Claire ◽  
R Lottenberg
Keyword(s):  
Von Willebrand Factor ◽  
Microvascular Complications ◽  
Feedback Mechanism ◽  
Proliferative Retinopathy ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Negative Feedback Mechanism ◽  
Background Retinopathy ◽  
Von Willebrand ◽  
Willebrand Factor

The increase in von Willebrand factor (vWF) following desmopressin (DDAVP) (1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin) infusion was markedly blunted in severe hemophiliacs who had high vWF levels after treatment with vWF rich plasma concentrates. Diabetics with microangiopathy appear to have disease-induced elevation of vWF. In the current study, the vWF response to DDAVP infusion was measured in 30 diabetics (12 type I, 18 type II) and 16 controls, matched for age, sex and weight. Extent of nephropathy, macroangiopathy, and neuropathy was evaluated. Diabetic retinopathy was assessed by indirect ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography (n=8 proliferative retinopathy, n=6 background retinopathy, n=16 no retinopathy). Plasma samples were collected in the supine, overnight-fasted state. DDAVP (0.3 μg/kg) was infused over 30 min and samples obtained at 0-60 min. vWF antigen was assayed by Laurell rocket electrophoresis. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity was measured by a coupled chromogenic substrate assay. Results; Basal vWF levels for type I diabetics (124±16%, MeantSEM) and type II (178±14%) were increased as compared to controls (94±6%), p<.05 and p<.005, respectively. vWF levels for diabetics with proliferative retinopathy (194±29%) were significantly higher than for diabetics with background retinopathy (106±13%) p<.01. Diabetics with elevated basal levels of vWF (>150%) showed less of an increase in vWF following DDAVP infusion than diabetics with normal basal levels (p<.01). The percent increase in vWF following DDAVP administration inversely correlated with basal vWF levels (type I, r=.51; p<.01 and type II, r=.46; p<.01). The basal vWF level was the significant determinant of DDAVP response, not the presence or absence of diabetic complications. Peak t-PA levels showed no difference in controls or diabetics. In contrast to the vWF response, a normal t-PA response to DDAVP infusion was observed in diabetics. Conclusion: Diabetics with microvascular complications and high circulating levels of vWF demonstrate a blunted vWF response to DDAVP. This supports the existence of a negative feedback mechanism as previously reported for the transfused hemophiliacs.

scholarly journals Morphological Features of the Ulnar Collateral Ligament of the Elbow and Common Tendon of Flexor-Pronator Muscles

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 232596712095241
Author(s):  
Masahiro Ikezu ◽  
Mutsuaki Edama ◽  
Kanta Matsuzawa ◽  
Fumiya Kaneko ◽  
Sohei Shimizu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulnar Collateral Ligament ◽  
Joint Capsule ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Single Bundle ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Collateral Ligament ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Independent Form ◽  
Length Width

Background: The anterior bundle (AB) of the ulnar collateral ligament is the most important structure for valgus stabilization of the elbow. However, anatomic relationships among the AB, posterior bundle (PB) of the ulnar collateral ligament, and common tendon (CT) of the flexor-pronator muscles have not been fully clarified. Purpose: To classify the AB, PB, and CT and to clarify their morphological features. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: This investigation examined 56 arms from 31 embalmed Japanese cadavers. The CT investigation examined 34 arms from 23 embalmed Japanese cadavers with CTs remaining. Type classification was performed by focusing on positional relationships with surrounding structures. Morphological features measured were length, width, thickness, and footprint for the AB and PB and attachment length, thickness, and footprint for the CT. Results: The AB was classified as type I (44 elbows; 78.6%), can be separated as a single bundle, or type II (12 elbows; 21.4%), cannot be separated from the PB and joint capsule. The PB was classified as type I (28 elbows; 50.0%), can be separated as a single bundle; type IIa (6 elbows; 10.7%), posterior edge cannot be separated; type IIb (7 elbows; 12.5%), anterior edge cannot be separated; or type III (15 elbows; 26.8%), cannot be separated from the joint capsule. The CT was classified as type I (18 elbows; 52.9%), can be separated from the AB, or type II (16 elbows; 47.1%), cannot be separated from the AB. Significant differences in frequencies of AB, PB, and CT types were identified between men and women. Morphological features were measured only for type I of each structure, and reliability was almost perfect. Conclusion: These results suggest that the AB, PB, and CT each can be classified into an independent form and an unclear form. Presence of the unclear form was suggested as one factor contributing to morphological variation. Clinical Relevance: This study may provide basic information for clarifying functional roles of the AB, PB, and CT.

scholarly journals Type II fatty acid and polyketide synthases: deciphering protein–protein and protein–substrate interactions

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 1029-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aochiu Chen ◽  
Rebecca N. Re ◽  
Michael D. Burkart
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Polyketide Synthase ◽  
Polyketide Synthases ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Substrate Interactions ◽  
Protein Substrate ◽  
Functional Roles

Metabolites from type II fatty acid synthase (FAS) and polyketide synthase (PKS) pathways differ broadly in their identities and functional roles.

scholarly journals Reinvestigation of <i>Protelytron permianum</i> (Insecta; Early Permian; USA) as an example for applying reflectance transformation imaging to insect imprint fossils

Fossil Record ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Béthoux ◽  
Artémis Llamosi ◽  
Séverine Toussaint
Keyword(s):  
Hind Wing ◽  
Fossil Insects ◽  
Early Permian ◽  
Paper Model ◽  
Wing Folding ◽  
Reflectance Transformation Imaging

Abstract. We reinvestigated the holotype of Protelytron permianum, one of the earliest putative stem-dermapteran (i.e. stem-earwig). We recurred to reflectance transformation imaging (RTI) to deliver exhaustive and interactive photographic data. We were able to ascertain the occurrence of broadenings located along veins of the hind wing vannus and forming an arc, as well as a series of radiating folds, alternatively concave and convex. Such an organization is diagnostic of Dermaptera, in which it is indicative of hind wing folding mechanisms, particularly elaborated in these insects. We provide a foldable, paper model of the hind wing. Based on the case presented herein we anticipate that RTI process will be a major upheaval in the documentation of fossil insects preserved as imprints.

Sensory Regulation of Wing Twisting in Locusts

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
ERIK GETTRUP
Keyword(s):  
Hind Wing ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Flight Period ◽  
Campaniform Sensilla ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Body Angle ◽  
Central Processing ◽  
Sensory Regulation ◽  
Three Body

1. The campaniform sensilla of the wings are necessary for the regulation of wing twisting in locusts. Control of forewing twisting during periods of constant lift depends upon the hind-wing sensilla being intact, whereas the forewing sensilla are essential for stability about the three body axes. 2. The campaniform sensilla are located on the ventral surface of the wings. Two groups are present on the subcosta of the forewing and one on the subcosta of the hind-wing. A few single sensilla occur on the costa. The cuticular parts of sensilla from distal and proximal forewing groups differ with respect to the lengths of their ovally shaped cuticular parts. The sensilla are orientated with the cupolas parallel to the long axis of the wing, except for those of the proximal forewing group, which are arranged in a fan. 3. During steady-state flights activity from campaniform units was high during the downstroke and low during the first part of the upstroke. Significant changes in the response were found to occur when the body angle was changed. 4. The effect of a 15° change in body angle on the motor output to the basalar and subalar muscles is described. At the start of a flight these motor patterns are rather unstable, units falling in and out. Stability is gained within 10 sec. 5. A distinct part of the response from the campaniform units in the hindwings can be abolished by the application of an anodic block. The duration of the blocking pulse equalled one-sixth of the flight period. The effect on regulation of forewing twisting varied according to the part of the response which is removed. Regulation could be abolished almost completely when the anodic block was introduced during the first part of the hindwing downstroke. When the anodic block is removed, twist regulation builds up again and is completed within 100-150 wing-beats. 6. Free flights including both intact and deafferentated animals made possible an evaluation of the importance of the different groups in stability reactions. It was shown that control of angular movement is accomplished by the forewing groups only, especially the proximal ones. 7. The integrative processes within the pterothoracic ganglia are discussed. During the constant-lift reaction, the slow, intersegmental reflex for control of forewing twisting seems to depend on central processing and memorizing of measurements of total lift. The sensory input from the hindwings is phasic and patterned, but it is still undecided whether it is the phase or the pattern which is the essential parameter.

The Aesthetic and Functional Roles of Spreader Flap in Primary Rhinoplasty

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-153
Author(s):  
Ahmed Elnaggar ◽  
Mohammed Ashraf
Keyword(s):  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Spreader Graft ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Primary Rhinoplasty ◽  
Valve Reconstruction ◽  
Spreader Flap ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Hump Resection

Dorsal hump resection was considered as the most ordinary part of rhinoplasty. It is obviously noticed that when a humpectomy is performed in a primary rhinoplasty, some surgeons underestimate the middle third (internal valve) reconstruction resulting in an inverted-V deformity. Although spreader graft is the gold standard for middle vault reconstruction, attention is turned to returning a portion of the hump following dorsal reduction in an attempt to reconstruct the middle vault. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of spreader flap in primary rhinoplasties. This study included 40 patients classified into 3 groups as follows: (1) type I—mild cartilaginous hump, (2) type II—moderate cartilaginous hump, and (3) type III—huge cartilaginous hump. The results are satisfactory in most cases regarding the aesthetic and functional outcomes. Using auto-spreader flaps is shown to be simple, reproducible, and effective in shaping the midvault while keeping the internal valve intact.

Aspirational guidance for wiser futures: toward open-sourced ascension from ego-centric to eco-centric human communities

foresight ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Markley
Keyword(s):  
Leading Edge ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Institutional Processes ◽  
The Public ◽  
Epochal Change ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Technical Professionals ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
High Credibility

Purpose – This paper aims to explore and demonstrate how the meme of aspiration can help guide human cultures through an epochal transformation triggered by a global megacrisis and leading to sustainable maturation of human cultures. Design/methodology/approach – Aspirational futures process, intuition-based visioning and “Type II” thinking that has high credibility for knowledgeable experts but low credibility to most others. Findings – Megacrisis is a Type II wild card needing anticipatory mitigation via strategies such as are suggested. While descent paths may be a suitable meme for technical professionals, ascent paths to higher levels of civilizational maturity are a better guiding image for the public. Aspirational methods whose core involves intuition-based creativity, wisdom and co-creative emergence are a vital complement to rational/analytic futures methods, especially in times of epochal change and uncertainty when a new “regime” of guiding world views, institutional processes and innovative technologies may emerge. Research limitations/implications – Results represent a high degree of uncertainly as well as “fringe” thinking needing to be more widely considered. Practical implications – Strategic suggestions based on Type II thinking are a unique category for “leading edge” funding and application. Originality/value – The Type II perspective offered here is unique and offers a promising approach for transformative megacrisis mitigation.

scholarly journals Diversity and Functions of Type II Topoisomerases

Acta Naturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-75
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Sutormin ◽  
Alina Kh. Galivondzhyan ◽  
Alexander V. Polkhovskiy ◽  
Sofia O. Kamalyan ◽  
Konstantin V. Severinov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Information ◽  
Double Helix ◽  
Dna Supercoiling ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Specific Group ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Domains Of Life ◽  
Dna Double Helix ◽  
Catalytic Cycles ◽  
Transcription And Replication

The DNA double helix provides a simple and elegant way to store and copy genetic information. However, the processes requiring the DNA helix strands separation, such as transcription and replication, induce a topological side-effect supercoiling of the molecule. Topoisomerases comprise a specific group of enzymes that disentangle the topological challenges associated with DNA supercoiling. They relax DNA supercoils and resolve catenanes and knots. Here, we review the catalytic cycles, evolution, diversity, and functional roles of type II topoisomerases in organisms from all domains of life, as well as viruses and other mobile genetic elements.

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