Some effects of different Plantago species on feeding preference and egg laying in the flea beetle Dibolia borealis Chev. (Chrysomelidae)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (7) ◽  
pp. 1507-1513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wayne R. Hawthorn
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Flea Beetle ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Food Resources ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Plantago Major ◽  
The North

The differential feeding and egg-laying responses by overwintered adults of the North American chrysomelid beetle Dibolia borealis Chev. to native and introduced host plants of the genus Plantago were investigated. Adults exhibited a feeding preference for Plantago rugelii (native species) > Plantago major (introduced) > Plantago lanceolata (introduced). However, females fed P. rugelii and P. lanceolata laid fewer eggs than females fed P. major. In the field, D. borealis laid more eggs on P. major and more adults emerged from plants of this species than from P. rugelii. The ecological and evolutionary implications of feeding and egg laying on different food resources are discussed.

scholarly journals Worldwide Feeding Host Plants of Spotted Lanternfly, With Significant Additions From North America

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 999-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Barringer ◽  
Claire M Ciafré
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
North American ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Potential Range ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Invasive Insect ◽  
Tree Of Heaven ◽  
Host Plant Use

Abstract The spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula (White) is an invasive insect spreading throughout southeast Asia and eastern North America. The rapid spread of this species is facilitated by the prevalence of its preferred host, tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle), as well as its use of many other host plants. While the spotted lanternfly has been previously reported to use over 65 plant species, most of these reports are from Asia and may not be applicable in North America. Additionally, many of the known hosts have not been specified as feeding hosts or as egg laying substrates. To better understand the potential impacts of this invasive insect on natural and cultivated systems in North America, we reviewed records from published and unpublished results and observations of host plant use by spotted lanternfly. We aggregated 172 host plant records worldwide and found feeding behaviors associated with 103 plant taxa across 33 families and 17 orders, 20 of which were not previously known to be associated with SLF and 15 of which were not confirmed as feeding hosts. North American records account for 56 of these taxa which include native, cultivated, and nonnative species. As a result, the spotted lanternfly has the potential to impact a wide assortment of ecosystems throughout its potential range and its North American distribution may not be limited by the presence of tree of heaven.

scholarly journals Crayfish plague affects juvenile survival and adult behaviour of invasive signal crayfish

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (6) ◽  
pp. 706-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Rhidian Thomas ◽  
Chloe V. Robinson ◽  
Agata Mrugała ◽  
Amy R. Ellison ◽  
Emily Matthews ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Native Species ◽  
North American Species ◽  
Juvenile Survival ◽  
Signal Crayfish ◽  
Aphanomyces Astaci ◽  
The North ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Oomycete Pathogen ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe spread of invasive, non-native species is a key threat to biodiversity. Parasites can play a significant role by influencing their invasive host's survival or behaviour, which can subsequently alter invasion dynamics. The North American signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) is a known carrier of Aphanomyces astaci, an oomycete pathogen that is the causative agent of crayfish plague and fatal to European crayfish species, whereas North American species are considered to be largely resistant. There is some evidence, however, that North American species, can also succumb to crayfish plague, though how A. astaci affects such ‘reservoir hosts’ is rarely considered. Here, we tested the impact of A. astaci infection on signal crayfish, by assessing juvenile survival and adult behaviour following exposure to A. astaci zoospores. Juvenile signal crayfish suffered high mortality 4-weeks post-hatching, but not as older juveniles. Furthermore, adult signal crayfish with high-infection levels displayed altered behaviours, being less likely to leave the water, explore terrestrial areas and exhibit escape responses. Overall, we reveal that A. astaci infection affects signal crayfish to a much greater extent than previously considered, which may not only have direct consequences for invasions, but could substantially affect commercially harvested signal crayfish stocks worldwide.

scholarly journals Frankia-Enriched Metagenomes from the Earliest Diverging Symbiotic Frankia Cluster: They Come in Teams

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2273-2291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanh Van Nguyen ◽  
Daniel Wibberg ◽  
Theoden Vigil-Stenman ◽  
Fede Berckx ◽  
Kai Battenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
North American ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Novel Species ◽  
Transposase Gene ◽  
Inoculum Sources ◽  
The North ◽  
Niche Competition ◽  
Cluster 2

Abstract Frankia strains induce the formation of nitrogen-fixing nodules on roots of actinorhizal plants. Phylogenetically, Frankia strains can be grouped in four clusters. The earliest divergent cluster, cluster-2, has a particularly wide host range. The analysis of cluster-2 strains has been hampered by the fact that with two exceptions, they could never be cultured. In this study, 12 Frankia-enriched metagenomes of Frankia cluster-2 strains or strain assemblages were sequenced based on seven inoculum sources. Sequences obtained via DNA isolated from whole nodules were compared with those of DNA isolated from fractionated preparations enhanced in the Frankia symbiotic structures. The results show that cluster-2 inocula represent groups of strains, and that strains not represented in symbiotic structures, that is, unable to perform symbiotic nitrogen fixation, may still be able to colonize nodules. Transposase gene abundance was compared in the different Frankia-enriched metagenomes with the result that North American strains contain more transposase genes than Eurasian strains. An analysis of the evolution and distribution of the host plants indicated that bursts of transposition may have coincided with niche competition with other cluster-2 Frankia strains. The first genome of an inoculum from the Southern Hemisphere, obtained from nodules of Coriaria papuana in Papua New Guinea, represents a novel species, postulated as Candidatus Frankia meridionalis. All Frankia-enriched metagenomes obtained in this study contained homologs of the canonical nod genes nodABC; the North American genomes also contained the sulfotransferase gene nodH, while the genome from the Southern Hemisphere only contained nodC and a truncated copy of nodB.

scholarly journals Suitability and Feeding Preference of Selected North American, European, and Asian Elm (Ulmus spp.) Biotypes to Elm Leaf Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-154
Author(s):  
Fredric Miller ◽  
George Ware
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Leaf Beetle ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Leaf Beetles ◽  
The North ◽  
Elm Leaf Beetle ◽  
Ovipositional Response ◽  
Valley Forge ◽  
Choice Feeding ◽  
Diploid Form

Abstract Recently introduced North American elm cultivars, simple and complex elm hybrids of European and Asian parentage, and simple Asian hybrids of U. pumila and U. japonica parentage growing at The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, were evaluated in laboratory bioassays for ovipositional response, and feeding preference and suitability for larvae and adults of the elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (Muller). Larval and adult no-choice and adult multiple-choice feeding studies revealed that the North American cultivars of U. americana ‘Jefferson’ and U. americana ‘Valley Forge’, U. americana (diploid form), and U. americana were the least preferred for feeding and reproduction by the elm leaf beetle. Among simple and complex European hybrids, ‘Homestead’, ‘Patriot’, and ‘Prospector’ were least preferred and least suitable for larval development, feeding, and reproduction by adult elm leaf beetles. Hybrids of ‘Frontier’, ‘Pioneer’, and ‘Regal’; the simple Asian hybrids of ‘Cathedral’ and ‘New Horizon’; and U. pumila were more highly preferred for feeding and suitable for reproduction. The least preferred and least suitable North American biotypes of U. x americana ‘Jefferson’, U. americana ‘Valley Forge’, and U. americana (diploid form), simple and complex European hybrids of ‘Homestead’, ‘Patriot’, and ‘Prospector’, show promise for use in areas where the elm leaf beetle is persistent and for future elm breeding programs.

scholarly journals Can cryptic female choice prevent invasive hybridization in external fertilizing fish?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler H. Lantiegne ◽  
Craig F. Purchase
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Competition ◽  
Female Choice ◽  
North American ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Cryptic Female Choice ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Reproductive Tactics ◽  
The North

Polyandrous mating systems result in females mating with multiple males. This includes the potential for unintended matings and subsequent sperm competition with hybridizing species, especially in the presence of alternative reproductive tactics (sneaker males). Cryptic female choice allows females to bias paternity towards preferred males under sperm competition and may include conspecific sperm preference when under hybridization threat. The potential becomes particularly important in context of invasive species that can novelly hybridize with natives. We provide the first examination of conspecific sperm preference in a system of three species with potential to hybridize: North American native Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brook char (Salvelinus fontinalis), and invasive brown trout (Salmo trutta) from Europe. Using naturalized populations on the island of Newfoundland, we measured changes in sperm swimming performance, a known predictor of paternity, to determine the degree of upregulation to female cues related to conspecific sperm preference. Compared to water alone, female ovarian fluid in general had a pronounced effect and upregulated sperm motility (mean 53%) and swimming velocity (mean 30%). However, patterns in the degree of upregulation suggest there is no conspecific sperm preference in the North American populations. Furthermore, female cues from both native species tended to boost the sperm of invasive males more than their own. We conclude that cryptic female choice is too weak in this system to prevent invasive hybridization and is likely insufficient to promote or maintain reproductive isolation between the native species.

The separation of Betulapopulifolia and Betulapendula and their status in Ontario

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 1017-1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Catling ◽  
K. W. Spicer
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Hybrid Population ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
The North ◽  
Quantitative Characters ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Qualitative Characters ◽  
Discriminant Analyses ◽  
Resin Glands

The North American Betulapopulifolia differs from the European Betulapendula in having a larger number of peltate resin glands on greyish twigs, leaves with long–caudate tips, and a dense pubescence on the adaxial surface of the pistillate scales. Furthermore, B. populifolia is a plant of acid, peaty, or sandy substrates, whereas B. pendula grows in acid to neutral or occasionally slightly alkaline substrates. The bark of B. pendula exfoliates in long thin strands, whereas in B. populifolia it exfoliates as small, very thin rectangular flakes or appears not to exfoliate at all. The basal parts of older trunks of B. pendula often develop vertical fissures, which never develop in B. populifolia. Analysis of variance suggests that the most useful quantitative characters for distinguishing the two species are scale width and the length/width ratio of the terminal one-quarter of the leaf. Several other quantitative characters are useful discriminators but are not entirely reliable by themselves. Discriminant analyses with and without qualitative characters separated a sample of North American B. populifolia from a sample of European B. pendula. The derived discriminant formula placed many members of a variable natural population from near Ottawa in an intermediate position, suggesting hybridization. The use of heavily weighted qualitative characters in the discriminant formula placed much of the hybrid population in the B. populifolia group, whereas the use of quantitative characters alone placed much of the hybrid population in the B. pendula group. As putative hybrids are being widely distributed by nurseries, the identification of the two species is likely to become increasingly problematic. Betulapendula is a widespread and naturally spreading escape from cultivation in southern Ontario, while B. populifolia is a native species confined in Ontario to the eastern portion of the province between the Ottawa and St. Lawrence rivers, with a possible outlier in Elgin County in southwestern Ontario.

scholarly journals North American Xyleborini north of Mexico: a review and key to genera and species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

ZooKeys ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 768 ◽  
pp. 19-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demian F. Gomez ◽  
Robert J. Rabaglia ◽  
Katherine E. O. Fairbanks ◽  
Jiri Hulcr
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Ambrosia Beetles ◽  
The North ◽  
Successful Group ◽  
Bark And Ambrosia Beetles

Bark and ambrosia beetles (Scolytinae) are the most successful group of invasive wood borers worldwide, and the most invasive among them are species in the tribe Xyleborini. This haplodiploid, highly inbred, fungus-farming group is represented by 30 non-native species in North America, of which at least five are serious pests. The few identification resources for Xyleborini that exist are becoming outdated due to new species arrivals and nomenclatural changes. Here we present a new comprehensive key to Xyleborini currently known from the continental United States. Compared to the previous key, the following species have been added to the North American fauna:Ambrosiodmusminor(Stebbing),Ambrosiophilusnodulosus(Eggers),AnisandrusmaicheKurentsov,Coptoboruspseudotenuis(Schedl),Cyclorhipidionfukiense(Eggers),DryocoetoidesreticulatusAtkinson,Dryoxylononoharaense(Murayama),Euwallaceainterjectus(Blandford),Xyleborinusandrewesi(Blandford),Xyleborinusartestriatus(Eichhoff),Xyleborinusoctiesdentatus(Murayama),XyleborusbispinatusEichhoff,XyleborusseriatusBlandford,XyleborusspinulosusBlandford, andXylosandrusamputatus(Blandford).

scholarly journals Seasonal Activity, Within-Tree Distribution, and Ovipositional and Feeding Preference of the Elm Leafminer, Fenusa ulmi (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
Fredric Miller ◽  
George Ware
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Tree Distribution ◽  
American Elm ◽  
The North ◽  
Highly Correlated

Seventy-six different elm taxa were visually rated for elm leafminer (Fenusa ulmi Sundevall) defoliation. European elm taxa were more found to be more susceptible to feeding damage by the elm leafminer compared to Asian and North American elm taxa. European elms U. glabra, U. elliptica, U. sukaczezii, and elms with U. glabra-wallichiana parentage were highly susceptible to elm leafminer leaf feeding damage. Of the 37 Asian elm taxa evaluated, only U. laciniata was highly susceptible to feeding damage. The North American species U. rubra was the only North American elm susceptible to elm leafminer feeding. Adult emergence, initial leafmining, and cessation of leafmining were highly correlated with indicator plant full bloom phenology providing an accurate degree-day (DD) model for practitioners in predicting and monitoring for elm leafminer life stage development and related plant damage. Elm leafing out phenology of susceptible European elms was highly correlated with elm leafminer adult emergence and oviposition. Less susceptible European elm taxa, such as U. procera, and U. carpinifolia and cultivars, consistently leaf out later after peak adult leafminer emergence. Interestingly, the majority of Asian elm taxa such as U. davidiana, U. japonica, U. lamellosa, and U. pumila leaf out at the same time as susceptible elm taxa, but experience no or negligible feeding damage. Two Asian species, U. wilsoniana and U. parvifolia, leaf out later after peak adult emergence and oviposition has passed. No consistent pattern was observed for within tree ovipositional wounds and subsequent leafminer feeding damage for tree height or cardinal direction for both small and large elm tree species. Results from this study indicate there is a large number of Asian and North American elm taxa that provide a rich genetic pool for future elm breeding programs.

scholarly journals Scent-sniffing dogs can discriminate between native Eurasian and invasive North American beavers

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Rosell ◽  
Hannah B. Cross ◽  
Christin B. Johnsen ◽  
Janne Sundell ◽  
Andreas Zedrosser
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Canis Lupus Familiaris ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The North ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Eurasian Beaver ◽  
Population Reduction ◽  
American Beaver

Abstract The invasion of a species can cause population reduction or extinction of a similar native species due to replacement competition. There is a potential risk that the native Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) may eventually be competitively excluded by the invasive North American beaver (C. canadensis) from areas where they overlap in Eurasia. Yet currently available methods of census and population estimates are costly and time-consuming. In a laboratory environment, we investigated the potential of using dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) as a conservation tool to determine whether the Eurasian or the North American beaver is present in a specific beaver colony. We hypothesized that dogs can discriminate between the two beaver species, via the odorant signal of castoreum from males and females, in two floor platform experiments. We show that dogs detect scent differences between the two species, both from dead beaver samples and from scent marks collected in the field. Our results suggest that dogs can be used as an “animal biosensor” to discriminate olfactory signals of beaver species, however more tests are needed. Next step should be to test if dogs discern between beaver species in the field under a range of weather conditions and habitat types and use beaver samples collected from areas where the two species share the same habitat. So far, our results show that dogs can be used as a promising tool in the future to promote conservation of the native beaver species and eradication of the invasive one. We therefore conclude that dogs may be an efficient non-invasive tool to help conservationist to manage invasive species in Europe, and advocate for European wildlife agencies to invest in this new tool.

scholarly journals THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF ORPHULELLA

1899 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 177-188
Author(s):  
Samuel H. Scudder
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North American ◽  
Native Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
North American Species ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
The North

By the kindness of Prof. L. Bruner I have recently been able to study specimens of the South American Orphula pagana Stal., the type of the genus, and so to compare its structure with that of our native species latterly referred to Orphula. By this it appears, as Mr. Bruner has pointed out to me in correspondence, and as Mr. A. P. Morse has suggested (Psyche, VII., 407), that our species should be referred rathar to Orphulella, separated by Giglio-Tos from Orphula in 1894, though this was afterwards regarded by him as having only a subgeneric value Orphula in the stricter sense of the term is not, so far as I know, represented in the United States. Orphulella is the most widely distributed genus of North American Trypalinae and the most abundant in species. Those known to Prof. J. McNeill in his recent revision of our Tryxalinae were well separated by a table which I have here made the basis of a new one to include a considerable number of new forms. Besides describing these, I have added notes of distribution of the others, based on the collections in my hands, and given their principal synonymy.

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