Fat levels in a subarctic population of Peromyscus maniculatus

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1341-1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Les W. Gyug ◽  
John S. Millar
Keyword(s):  
Peromyscus Maniculatus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Wild Mice ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Adult Females

Fat content (FAT), lean dry weight (LDW), and caloric content (KCAL) were examined in a natural subarctic population of Peromyscus maniculatus. FAT was not significantly correlated with size (LDW) of the animal. FAT of adult males was negatively correlated with minimum ambient temperatures and was not correlated with reproductive condition. LDW of adult males did not vary in relation to season. FAT of prebreeding adult females was high and decreased in response to breeding, but LDW increased in response to breeding so that KCAL remained constant. KCAL was low in adult females only after the breeding season. Mice dying in live traps had significantly lower FAT than did any other group of adults indicating that wild mice do not normally deplete their fat reserves. KCAL of postweaning young increased with age due to an increase in LDW but not in FAT. We suggest that fat levels are intrinsically controlled in wild Peromyscus according to the probability of having to make extraordinary energy expenditures and are not simply subject to extrinsic controls through the balance of food availability and energy demands.

Dry Weight, Carbon and Nitrogen Content of Some Calanoid Copepods from the Seas Around Southern Britain in Winter

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Lindley ◽  
A.W.G. John ◽  
D.B. Robins
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Irish Sea ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Calanoid Copepods ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Temora Longicornis ◽  
The Irish Sea ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen Content

The dry weights, carbon and nitrogen content of fresh dried Calanus spp. Pseudocalanus elongatus, Acartia clausi, Temora longicornis, Mesocalanus teniricornis, Metridia lucens and Candacia armata were determined from samples taken in the southern North Sea, the English Channel, the Irish Sea and the Celtic Sea in December 1984 and February 1987. Usually adult females were picked out but some data were obtained for adult males and copepodites of Calanus spp. and T. longicornis and male M. tenuicornis. Significant differences were found between stations on the same cruise in the results for adult females of the same species. The weights of Calanus spp. females in February 1987 were found to be inversely related to temperature.

Activity Budgets, Energy Expenditures, and Energy Intakes of Nesting Ferruginous Hawks

The Auk ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Wakeley
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Foraging Efficiency ◽  
First Year ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Activity Budgets ◽  
Small Prey ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Prey Items

Abstract Daily energy expenditures of two pairs of nesting Ferruginous Hawks were estimated from activity budgets, and were compared with energy intakes determined from observed prey captures. In 1974 and 1975 respectively, the adult males expended 330.9 ± 37.8 (SD) and 374.3 ± 18.1 kcal/day, whereas the adult females expended 265.3 ± 28.3 and 294.6 ± 34.5 kcal/day. The total daily energy expenditures of adults and young (approximately 995.8 and 967.1 kcal/day in 1974 and 1975, respectively) were more than balanced by their gross intakes (1,337.8 ± 308.2 and 1,393.2 ± 236.7 kcal/day, respectively). The adult males had foraging efficiencies (kcal gathered/kcal expended in hunting) estimated at 7.56 ± 2.17 in the first year and 7.31 ± 1.80 in the second. Estimates of energy intake and foraging efficiency are maxima due to the likely under-representation of small prey items in regurgitated pellets.

EFFECTS OF DENSITY, STAGE, AND SEX OF THE POTATO LEAFHOPPER, EMPOASCA FABAE (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE), ON SEEDLING ALFALFA GROWTH

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (11) ◽  
pp. 1543-1548 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Flinn ◽  
A. A. Hower
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Period ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Potato Leafhopper ◽  
Empoasca Fabae ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Late Instar ◽  
Early Instar

AbstractPotato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), early-instar nymphs (1–2 instar), late-instar nymphs (3–5 instar), adult males and adult females were caged at various densities on seedling alfalfa cv. Vernal and allowed to feed for 6 days. Feeding by adult females, late-instar nymphs, and adult males retarded plant height, leaf number, and dry weight, about 20 to 50% more than did the early-instar nymphs at most of the leafhopper densities tested, over 6 days. Protein content was affected differently from the other plant parameters; it was reduced most by adult males. This was apparently due to premature death of the plants caused by late-instar nymphs and adult females. The percentage reduction for each of the plant parameters was highly correlated with leafhopper density and was nonlinear, except with the early-instar nymphs. Alfalfa plants exposed to two or four late-instar nymphs or two adult females, significantly increased in height and leaf number during a 7-day recovery period. Plants exposed to four adult females did not recover.

Two new species and taxonomic notes on the Neotropical spiny orb-weaving spi-ders Micrathena and Chaetacis (Araneae: Araneidae), with remarks on the development of Micrathena excavata IVAN L. F. MAGALHÃES & ADALBERTO J. SANTOS (Brazil)

Zootaxa ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 2983 (1) ◽  
pp. 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
IVAN L. F. MAGALHÃES ◽  
ADALBERTO J. SANTOS
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Junior Synonym ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Brazilian Amazonia ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Senior Synonym ◽  
First Time

In this paper, M. yanomami n. sp., from Brazilian Amazonia, Chaetacis bandeirante n. sp., from Central Brazil, and the males of M. gaujoni Simon, 1897 and M. ruschii (Mello-Leitão, 1945) n. comb. , respectively from Ecuador and Brazil, are described and illustrated for the first time. An ontogenetic series of the last development stages of both sexes of Micrathena excavata (C. L. Koch, 1836) is illustrated and briefly described. Adult females are larger and have longer legs and larger abdomens than adult males. Probably females undergo at least one additional moult before adulthood, compared to males. Micrathena ornata Mello-Leitão, 1932 is considered a junior synonym of M. plana (C. L. Koch, 1836), and M. mastonota Mello-Leitão 1940 is synonymized with M. horrida (Taczanowski, 1873). Acrosoma ruschii Mello-Leitão, 1945 is revalidated, transferred to Micrathena and considered a senior synonym of M. cicuta Gonzaga & Santos, 2004. Chaetacis necopinata (Chickering, 1960) is recorded for Brazil for the first time. Chaetacis incisa (Walckenaer, 1841) is considered a nomen dubium.

Spacing, movements, and habitat selection of the river otter in boreal Alberta

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 1314-1324 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Reid ◽  
T. E. Code ◽  
A. C. H. Reid ◽  
S. M. Herrero
Keyword(s):  
Lontra Canadensis ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
River Otters ◽  
Aquatic Mammal ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Bog Lakes ◽  
Selection Of

Seasonal spacing patterns, home ranges, and movements of river otters (Lontra canadensis) were studied in boreal Alberta by means of radiotelemetry. Adult males occupied significantly larger annual home ranges than adult females. Males' ranges overlapped those of females and also each other's. In winter, home ranges of males shrank and showed less overlap. Otters often associated in groups, the core members typically being adult females with young, or adult males. Otters tended to be more solitary in winter. In winter, movement rates of all sex and age classes were similar, and much reduced for males compared with those in other seasons. These data indicated a strong limiting effect of winter ice on behaviour and dispersion. We tested the hypothesis that otters select water bodies in winter on the basis of the suitability of shoreline substrate and morphology for dens with access both to air and to water under ice. Intensity of selection was greatest in winter, with avoidance of gradually sloping shorelines of sand or gravel. Adults selected bog lakes with banked shores containing semi-aquatic mammal burrows, and lakes with beaver lodges. Subadults selected beaver-impounded streams. Apart from human harvest, winter habitats and food availability in such habitats are likely the two factors most strongly limiting otter density in boreal Alberta.

Time-Budgets of Camargue Horses Ii. Time-Budgets of Adult Horses and Weaned Sub-Adults

Behaviour ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 72 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 26-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social System ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Young Horses

AbstractTime-budgets of adult and weaned sub-adult horses were studied in a small population of Camargue horses living in semi-liberty. The categories of activities used were: Standing resting, Lying flat, Lying up, Standing alert, Walking, Trotting, Galloping, Rolling and Foraging. The main differences in time-budgets were related to age and to sex : young horses spent more time lying (sleeping), males spent more time standing alert and in rapid movements (trot, gallop), while usually foraging less than did the adult females. During the three years of the study the population increased from 20 to 54 horses and there were considerable changes in social structure as the number of adult males increased. Associated with these developments there were some changes between years in the time-budgets: the most striking of which was a general trend for all horses to spend less time lying. Nonetheless the time-budgets showed a considerable constancy across years and age/sex-classes, especially with regard to time spent foraging. This conclusion may provide a clue as to why horses have an unusual social system based on long term relationships between a male and the females of his harem.

scholarly journals Feeding preference of adult females of ribbonfish Trichiurus lepturus through prey proximate-composition and caloric values

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Trindade Bittar ◽  
Danielle Rodrigues Awabdi ◽  
William Cristiane Teles Tonini ◽  
Manuel Vazquez Vidal Junior ◽  
Ana Paula Madeira Di Beneditto
Keyword(s):  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Feeding Preference ◽  
Food Selectivity ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Caloric Content ◽  
Caloric Value ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Trichiurus Lepturus ◽  
Prey Protein

In the present study we analysed the proximate-composition and caloric values of the preferred prey consumed by ribbonfish, Trichiurus lepturus L. 1758 (adult females), that are distributed in the inner continental shelf from northern Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil (~22ºS), assessing the potential of nutritional and energetic approach as a tool to understand the feeding selective pattern of this marine top carnivore. The preferred prey of this predator composed of fish co-specifics, Pellona harroweri, Chirocentrodon bleekerianus, Lycengraulis grossidens, Peprilus paru, squid Doryteuthis plei, and shrimp Xiphopenaeus kroyeri were collected from 2007 to 2010 for proximate-composition (water, protein, lipid, ash, and carbohydrate) and caloric value analyses. The correspondence analysis showed that protein is the main component in the prey species (61.32% of variance explained), standing out from the other nutrients. Lipid has the highest percentage related to L. grossidens, ash to X. kroyeri and carbohydrate to D. plei. The strong correlations between protein and caloric value (positive) and lipid and caloric value (negative) indicated that T. lepturus is attending its energy demand through the prey protein content. This work elucidated the feeding preference of adult females of T. lepturus in relation to nutritional and caloric content of their preferred prey. The species showed food selectivity to prey that provide more energy per ingested biomass, so that the feeding events can maximize the predator's caloric gain, which is obtained by a protein-based diet.

Extrinsic Inter- and Intra-specific Competition in Parasitoid Wasps

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Ode ◽  
Dhaval K. Vyas ◽  
Jeffrey A. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Interference Competition ◽  
Apparent Competition ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Alternate Host ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Behavioral Mechanisms

The diverse ecology of parasitoids is shaped by extrinsic competition, i.e., exploitative or interference competition among adult females and males for hosts and mates. Adult females use an array of morphological, chemical, and behavioral mechanisms to engage in competition that may be either intra- or interspecific. Weaker competitors are often excluded or, if they persist, use alternate host habitats, host developmental stages, or host species. Competition among adult males for mates is almost exclusively intraspecific and involves visual displays, chemical signals, and even physical combat. Extrinsic competition influences community structure through its role in competitive displacement and apparent competition. Finally, anthropogenic changes such as habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive species, pollutants, and climate change result in phenological mismatches and range expansions within host–parasitoid communities with consequent changes to the strength of competitive interactions. Such changes have important ramifications not only for the success of managed agroecosystems, but also for natural ecosystem functioning. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Entomology, Volume 67 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Observations on social behaviour of Atlantic walruses (Odobenus rosmarus (L.)) during terrestrial haul-out

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 461-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Salter
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Age Composition ◽  
Body Contact ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
Odobenus Rosmarus

Social interactions in walrus herds of mixed sex and age composition were recorded at a haul-out site on the east coast of Bathurst Island, N.W.T., during July–August 1977. Most walruses maintained body contact with at least one other walrus while hauled out on land; herds were usually circular in shape. Adult males, adult females, and immatures all displaced other walruses, and thus entered herds, by jabbing with the tusks. Dominance during agonistic interactions was related to relative tusk length and sex and age of interactants. Behaviour of walruses on land suggested an energetic advantage in mutual body contact, which would be maximized by occupation of interior positions within herds.

scholarly journals The Influence of Age, Sex, Pregnancy, Starvation, and Other Factors on the Cytoplasmic Ribonucleoproteins of Rat Liver

1958 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 771-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary L. Petermann ◽  
Mary G. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Microsomal Protein ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Differential Centrifugation ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Analytical Ultracentrifuge ◽  
Total Rna ◽  
Adult Females

Rat liver was homogenized in 0.88 M sucrose. The DNA and total RNA were determined, and the homogenate was fractionated by differential centrifugation. The pellets obtained between 30 minutes at 20,000 g and 180 minutes at 105,000 g were analyzed for RNA and nitrogen. The ribonucleoproteins were determined in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The non-pellet RNA was calculated by difference. The results are reported as amounts per 6.7 x 10-9 mg. of DNA. In young, growing male rats the amounts of microsomal protein and ribonucleoprotein B (83S) increased with age. Non-pregnant adult females showed less non-pellet RNA and much more ribonucleoprotein C (63S) than did adult males. During pregnancy both of these cell constituents reverted to levels characteristic for male animals. Starvation for 5 days resulted in a reduction in the mass of liver tissue, the non-pellet RNA, the microsomal protein, and ribonucleoproteins B and C. During recovery from starvation the return of the liver to normal paralleled the rate at which body weight was restored. Treatment with cortisone, 25 mg. per rat per day for 5 days, caused an increase in microsomal protein and a decrease in ribonucleoprotein B. Treatment with 6-mercapto-purine, 50 mg. per kilo per day for 5 days, caused little change in liver composition in either males or females.

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