Chemical communication in Heligmosomoides polygyrus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylida): the effect of age and sexual status of attracting and responding worms and localization of the sites of pheromone production in the female

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (9) ◽  
pp. 1943-1947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterini Riga ◽  
Barbara M. MacKinnon
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Communication ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Aggregation Pheromones ◽  
Pheromone Production ◽  
Heligmosomoides Polygyrus ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Homosexual Male ◽  
Sexual Status ◽  
Effect Of Age

Pheromones, specifically sex and aggregation pheromones, have been found in both immature and mature male and female Heligmosomoides polygyrus. "Heterosexual" (male–female and female–male in responder–target positions) experiments using mature, 12-day-old worms showed a significantly greater attraction to target worms than did similar experiments using immature, 9-day-old worms. "Homosexual" (male–male and female–female) experiments using mature worms were not significantly different from similar experiments using immature worms. The strength of the pheromonal system influencing heterosexual interactions appears to be dependent on the maturity of worms in both the target and responder positions, mature worms being both more attractive and more responsive than immature worms. To determine the site of pheromone production in female worms, various homogenized tissues from females were tested for their attractiveness to males. Male nematodes responded more rapidly toward homogenized uterus containing fertilized eggs than toward homogenates of fertilized eggs only, unfertilized oocytes, or the intestinal tract of female worms. The source of the female-produced pheromone seems to be the uterine epithelium.

Chemical Communication and Behavioural Interaction Between Sexually Mature Male and Female Shore Crabs (Carcinus Maenas)

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D. Bamber ◽  
E. Naylor
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Communication ◽  
Carcinus Maenas ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Specific Nature ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Behavioural Bioassay ◽  
Shore Crabs ◽  
Sexually Mature ◽  
Similar Intensity ◽  
Reduced Intensity

A new behavioural bioassay system has been used to examine chemical communication in the crab Carcinus maenas (Crustacea: Brachyura) and has demonstrated the sexually and temporally specific nature of a putative sex pheromone. Mature premoult and postmoult females evoked sexual behavioural responses from receptive male crabs. No response was obtained when intermoult female and premoult and postmoult male crabs were tested. Postmoult females continued to be chemically attractive to male crabs with a similar intensity to that of late premoult females for >8 d following moulting, and then with a reduced intensity for >14 d. Male C. maenas successfully entered copula with females >13 d after the female moult.

scholarly journals The Scent of Ant Brood: Caste Differences in Surface Hydrocarbons of Formica exsecta Pupae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Unni Pulliainen ◽  
Nick Bos ◽  
Patrizia d’Ettorre ◽  
Liselotte Sundström
Keyword(s):  
Surface Chemistry ◽  
Chemical Communication ◽  
Cuticular Hydrocarbons ◽  
Social Insects ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Chemical Stimuli ◽  
Caste Differences ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractChemical communication is common across all organisms. Insects in particular use predominantly chemical stimuli in assessing their environment and recognizing their social counterparts. One of the chemical stimuli used for recognition in social insects, such as ants, is the suite of long-chain, cuticular hydrocarbons. In addition to providing waterproofing, these surface hydrocarbons serve as a signature mixture, which ants can perceive, and use to distinguish between strangers and colony mates, and to determine caste, sex, and reproductive status of another individual. They can be both environmentally and endogenously acquired. The surface chemistry of adult workers has been studied extensively in ants, yet the pupal stage has rarely been considered. Here we characterized the surface chemistry of pupae of Formica exsecta, and examine differences among sexes, castes (reproductive vs. worker), and types of sample (developing individual vs. cocoon envelope). We found quantitative and qualitative differences among both castes and types of sample, but male and female reproductives did not differ in their surface chemistry. We also found that the pupal surface chemistry was more complex than that of adult workers in this species. These results improve our understanding of the information on which ants base recognition, and highlights the diversity of surface chemistry in social insects across developmental stages.

scholarly journals Age and time exposure-related toxicity of fenthion to male and female Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

1999 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Humeres ◽  
Ivana B.M. Da Cruz ◽  
Alice K. de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Time Exposure ◽  
Anastrepha Fraterculus ◽  
Detoxification Mechanism ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Realistic Data

Effect of age, sex and time exposure of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) to toxicity of fenthion was evaluated. The age of the flies was important to the appearance of the first intoxication symptoms; males and females of reproductive ages (30 and 60 days-old, respectively) were less susceptible to insecticide than flies in the remainder ages (four and 120 days-old). The effect of body weight on insect intoxication was not detected. LT 50 biossay with fenthion (varying from 3-7 minutes) showed a lower susceptibility of males than females at all ages. Adults of both sexes and 30 days-old submitted to continuous and discontinuous exposure to fenthion did not show toxic cumulative effect of the insecticide. The statistical analysis suggests a possible general detoxification mechanism (quantitative and/or qualitative) to fenthion sex-, age- and time-related. Once the species is highly mobile in nature we suggest that in fruit fly toxicological bioassays, these biological traits need to be observed in order to obtain more realistic data.

The growth of Moniliformis (Acanthocephala) in rats fed on various monosaccharides and disaccharides

1980 ◽  
Vol 209 (1175) ◽  
pp. 299-315 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Host Diet ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Aspects of the course of infection, growth and reproductive activity of Moniliformis were studied in adult male and female rats fed on iso -energetic purified diets containing various sugars. When rats were infected and fed on experimental diets containing either 3% glucose or 3% galactose for 5 weeks, very little growth of the worms and no signs of reproduction were observed. In contrast, Moniliformis grew well and showed many signs of normal reproduction when the rats were fed on diets containing either 3% fructose or 3% mannose. The ability of the worms to grow and reproduce was not lost by maintaining them first for 5 weeks in rats fed on diets containing 3% glucose and 3% galactose. When the diets of such rats were changed to ones containing 3% starch and 3% fructose, respectively, for a further 5 weeks, the worms grew and normal reproduction occurred. Similar experiments were carried out in which groups of infected rats were fed for 5 weeks on diets containing gradually increasing amounts of glucose (6-36%). It was not until the rats were fed on diets containing 24% glucose that the mean dry mass of the worms approached that of worms from rats fed on the diet con­taining 3% fructose; no host diet was found to be as effective a supporter of worm growth as 3% mannose. Under no circumstances, not even when the host’s diet contained 36%, was galactose found to be a suitable sugar for supporting the growth and reproduction of Moniliformis . Results consistent with those recorded for worms from rats fed on the diets containing monosaccharides were obtained when infected rats were fed for 5 weeks on diets containing 3% of various disaccharides. Considerable growth and reproduction of Moniliformis occurred when sucrose was included in the host’s diet, but not when lactose, maltose or trehalose was present. Several of these observations may be related to the fact that different sugars are absorbed at different rates from the intestinal tract. It is suggested that all of a given sugar, when present in the diet at a low concentration, may be removed rapidly from the anterior part of the small intestine with the result that none will be available to the parasites. Significant amounts, however, of those sugars that are absorbed more slowly may reach the region of the intestine in which the parasite normally lives.

scholarly journals Ratio of Mercury Concentration to PCB Concentration Varies with Sex of White Sucker (Catostomus commersonii)

Environments ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Madenjian ◽  
Andrew Stevens ◽  
Martin Stapanian ◽  
David Krabbenhoft ◽  
John DeWild ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Mercury ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Elimination Rate ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
White Sucker ◽  
Spawning Run ◽  
Federal Guidelines ◽  
Effect Of Age

The whole-fish total mercury (Hg) concentrations were determined in 25 mature female and 26 mature male white suckers (Catostomus commersonii) caught during their spawning run in the Kewaunee River, a tributary to Lake Michigan. The age of each fish was estimated using thin-sectioned otoliths, and total length (TL) and weight were determined for each fish. When adjusted for the effect of age, males were found to be 7% higher in Hg concentration than females. Nearly all (about 98%) of the Hg found in the white suckers was determined to be methylmercury. In an earlier study on the same 51 white suckers from the Kewaunee River spawning run, males were found to be 18% higher than females in polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentration. We determined that the ratio of Hg concentration to PCB concentration in females was significantly higher than that in males. Thus, sex significantly interacted with contaminant type (Hg or PCBs) in determining contaminant concentrations. The most plausible explanation for this interaction was that males eliminated Hg at a faster rate than females, most likely due to the boosting of the Hg-elimination rate by certain androgens such as testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone. Hg concentrations in the white suckers were well below federal guidelines for fish consumption.

The colouration and its behavioural significance in the corkwing wrasse, Crenilabrus melops

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 925-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Potts
Keyword(s):  
Functional Significance ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
The Body ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Male Courtship ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Vertical Bars ◽  
Mature Fish ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Behavioural Significance

The colour patterns of the corkwing wrasse Crenilabrus melops and the functional significance of these patterns has been described. The resting colours of the fish are described for juveniles, mature males and mature females. These colour patterns assist in making the fish less conspicuous in their natural environment. Agonist behaviour is characterized by the development of a series of vertical bars on the body together with ritualized lateral and frontal displays in aggressive, and a head-up submissive posture in fright situations. Most aggressive behaviour is associated with the territorial activity of the mature male. Courtship and spawning activities involve a complex series of visual signals that synchronize the roles played by the male and female. The differences in colouration between juvenile and mature fish and the changes any individual can display have wrongly lead earlier authors to split C. melops into different species or varieties.

scholarly journals Sex-Specific Biology of the Human Malaria Parasite Revealed from the Proteomes of Mature Male and Female Gametocytes

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Miao ◽  
Zhao Chen ◽  
Zenglei Wang ◽  
Sony Shrestha ◽  
Xiaolian Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Human Malaria Parasite ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Human Malaria

Thyroxine levels in male and female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 945-949 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Bubenik ◽  
A. B. Bubenik
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Wildlife Management ◽  
Mature Male ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Annual Rhythm ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Juvenile Males

Four major findings are described: (1) The episodic secretion of thyroxine in mature male white-tailed deer is most pronounced in the warmer months (June and September) and least demonstrated during the coldest months (November and January); (2) no clear annual rhythm of thyroxine was demonstrated in juvenile or mature male or mature barren female white-tailed deer. The monthly mean levels in mature males and females oscillate between 11 and 14 μg/100 ml throughout the year; (3) the seasonal levels of thyroxine in mature males are almost identical with the thyroxine levels of adult barren females; (4) the seasonal thyroxine levels of juvenile males are constantly higher than levels found in mature males. However, when these deer reach the age of 3 years, their thyroxine levels decrease to those of the adult.The collected data could serve as a tool of evaluation of population structure for wildlife management purposes.

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