Research and Development of Natural Products in Developing Countries: Need for Venture Capital

2004 ◽  
pp. 302-311
Author(s):  
Victor Hugo Rhone
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Venture Capital

Distributional Weights in Benefit-Cost Analysis: Examples from Rwanda and Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles B. Moss ◽  
Andrew Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Systematic Variation ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Small Producer ◽  
Agricultural Research And Development ◽  
Benefit Cost

Abstract The question of how to allocate scarce agricultural research and development dollars is significant for developing countries. Historically, benefit/cost analysis has been the standard for comparing the relative benefits of alternative investments. We examine the potential of shifting the implicit equal weights approach to benefit/cost analysis, as well as how a systematic variation in welfare weights may affect different groups important to policy makers. For example, in the case of Rwandan coffee, a shift in the welfare weights that would favor small coffee producers in Rwanda over foreign consumers of Rwandan coffee would increase the support for investments in small producer coffee projects. Generally, changes in welfare weights alter the ordering for selecting investments across alternative projects.

scholarly journals Research Progress on Natural Product Ingredients’ Therapeutic Effects on Parkinson’s Disease by Regulating Autophagy

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Sicong Li ◽  
Xu Sun ◽  
Lei Bi ◽  
Yujia Tong ◽  
Xin Liu
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disease ◽  
Natural Product ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Middle Aged

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease in middle-aged and older adults. Abnormal proteins such as α-synuclein are essential factors in PD’s pathogenesis. Autophagy is the main participant in the clearance of abnormal proteins. The overactive or low function of autophagy leads to autophagy stress. Not only is it difficult to clear abnormal proteins but also it can cause damage to neurons. In this article, the effects of natural products ingredients, such as salidroside, paeoniflorin, curcumin, resveratrol, corynoxine, and baicalein, on regulating autophagy and protecting neurons were discussed in detail to provide a reference for the research and development of drugs for the treatment of PD.

North–South trade in intellectual property: can it be fair?

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-328
Author(s):  
CYNTHIA CANNADY
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Support Services ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Active Play ◽  
Spectator Sport

For many developing countries trading in intellectual property has been a spectator sport. Active play in the high stakes game of ‘trading in knowledge’ has been for a few wealthy countries whose institutions and citizens own intellectual property (IP). These IP-owner countries have the equipment needed to play – the funding systems, patent lawyers, marketing support services, and thriving government subsidized research labs and universities – enabling them to turn their research and development into IP, intangible but highly valuable financial assets. In the game of ‘trading in knowledge’, capturing strategic IP portfolios is the goal, and lucrative licensing contracts are the touchdown.

Three Views of a Train Wreck

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Kinch
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Venture Capital ◽  
Food Chain ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Federal Spending ◽  
Moore’S Law ◽  
Government Grants ◽  
Start Ups

Despite and arguably because of the enormous public health benefits arising from the introduction of new medicines, the industry is in the midst of crisis. We detail in this chapter the decline in research and development efficiency, which has been termed “Eroom's Law,” a playful inversion of the bettern known Moore's Law of Computing. An explanation of declining efficiency follows as is a brief summary of some remedies taken by many biopharmaceutical entities, including the abandonment of therapeutics targeting particularly difficult indications such as Alzheimer's disease and antibiotics. We also convey how the industry has developed into a sort of food chain, with smaller companies and government grants supporting the earliest stages of research, which are then acquired by medium-sized companies, which in turn are consolidated into large companies. This food chain is fundamentally in doubt based on shrinking Federal spending on research combined with a decline in venture capital support for early-stage start-ups.

R&D Internationalization as Mechanism of Innovation in Global Enterprises

2012 ◽  
pp. 619-638
Author(s):  
Simone Vasconcelos Ribeiro Galina
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Motivating Factors ◽  
Transnational Companies ◽  
Do So

Internationalization of Research and Development (R&D) allows transnational companies (TNC) to access different and important resources overseas, which may lead to the improvement of their technological innovation. The literature in this field has been mostly created from studies of TNCs coming from developed countries. This chapter presents some of the main topics the literature addresses on R&D internationalization, then it will explore and verify how companies in developing countries internationalize their R&D activities. In order to do so, a bibliographic review about strategies of internationalization of TNC operations, as well as motivating factors and management of R&D internationalization have been conducted. The chapter finishes by presenting a case study about international R&D conducted in a Brazilian TNC. The results enabled to evidence that, like developed countries TNCs, developing countries’ companies also seem to perform internationalization of R&D activities with very similar characteristics.

The Knowledge Economy as a Development Potential for Industrialized Countries and a Perspective for Developing Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-37
Author(s):  
Fredj Fhima ◽  
Walid Trabelsi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Education System ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Oecd Countries ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Development Potential ◽  
Knowledge Based

Based on a panel of 51 countries (22 developed and 29 developing) for a period from 2002 to 2012, this study develops a number of indicators and indexes to compare these two groups of countries according to their knowledge economy content. Results show that in OECD countries, knowledge plays a central role in economic performance and growth. These countries have managed to convert knowledge to ability; they are called knowledge-based economies. Developing countries, although they use knowledge, only few of them are regarded as knowledge-based. The success of a strategy of building the knowledge economy requires investments in knowledge which translates into expenditures on research and development and a strong education system.

Fungal natural products in research and development

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 1425-1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Schueffler ◽  
Timm Anke
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Fungal Natural Products

Meeting the contraceptive and AIDS prevention needs of people living on a dollar a day

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malcolm Potts
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Young People ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Female Sterilization ◽  
Full Cost ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Health Infrastructure ◽  
Aids Pandemic

The new millennium sees the largest cohort of young people in history entering its fertile years. Many of these people are too poor to pay the full cost of modern contraception, but the money available for subsidizing their needs is exceedingly limited. The AIDS pandemic is placing additional, unprecedented demand on already overstretched resources. Existing methods of contraception that are well established and off-patent can be produced in bulk at low cost, and will remain the backbone of future programmes. The use of misoprostol as an abortifacient is likely to spread rapidly. New methods must take into account the limitations of the health infrastructure in developing countries and the imperative of low cost. Given the constraints of money, skills and facilities, it is essential to set realistic priorities for future contraceptive research and development. It is suggested that the greatest needs are for a woman-controlled method of preventing HIV transmission and for a non-surgical method of female sterilization.

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