R&D Internationalization as Mechanism of Innovation in Global Enterprises

2012 ◽  
pp. 619-638
Author(s):  
Simone Vasconcelos Ribeiro Galina
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Motivating Factors ◽  
Transnational Companies ◽  
Do So

Internationalization of Research and Development (R&D) allows transnational companies (TNC) to access different and important resources overseas, which may lead to the improvement of their technological innovation. The literature in this field has been mostly created from studies of TNCs coming from developed countries. This chapter presents some of the main topics the literature addresses on R&D internationalization, then it will explore and verify how companies in developing countries internationalize their R&D activities. In order to do so, a bibliographic review about strategies of internationalization of TNC operations, as well as motivating factors and management of R&D internationalization have been conducted. The chapter finishes by presenting a case study about international R&D conducted in a Brazilian TNC. The results enabled to evidence that, like developed countries TNCs, developing countries’ companies also seem to perform internationalization of R&D activities with very similar characteristics.

scholarly journals Gender and feminist considerations in Artificial Intelligence from a developing-world perspective, with India as a case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANGHAMITRA CHOUDHURY ◽  
Shailendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Precarious Situation ◽  
And Robotics

<p>The relationship between women, technology manifestation, and likely prospects in the developing world is discussed in this manuscript. Using India as a case study, the paper goes on to discuss how ontology and epistemology views utilised in AI (Artificial Intelligence) and robotics will affect women's prospects in developing countries. Women in developing countries, notably in South Asia, are perceived as doing domestic work and are underrepresented in high-level professions. They are disproportionately underemployed and face prejudice in the workplace. The purpose of this study is to determine if the introduction of AI would exacerbate the already precarious situation of women in the developing world or if it would serve as a liberating force. While studies on the impact of AI on women have been undertaken in developed countries, there has been less research in developing countries. This manuscript attempts to fill that need.</p>

Cycle of Poverty in Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 126-139
Author(s):  
Opeyemi Idowu Aluko
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Economic Cycle ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Cycle ◽  
The World ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Cycle Of Poverty ◽  
Do So

Poverty is no longer fashionable even in the less developed countries of the world. The world has deemed poverty-ridden regions of the world as ‘anathema', forbidden, and ignoble. At the same time ways to get out of the menace are regularly strategised over a period of time. The developed countries of the world had been able to nip poverty to the bud significantly, but the developing countries still have a lot to do so as to overcome the menace. Poverty in the developing countries operates in a cycle of repetitions. This makes it difficult to curtail. How can poverty be reduced in the developing countries? This study reveals the reason while poverty has become a domestic phenomenon in developing countries and the way forward. The theory on poverty is evaluated alongside the present economic situation in Africa. The cycle of poverty, which includes the social cycle of poverty (SCP), political cycle of poverty (PCP), and the economic cycle of poverty (ECP), are examined. This study analyses the strategies to break the cycle of poverty in Africa and other developing countries.

scholarly journals A Functional Analysis of Technological Innovation Systems in Developing Countries: An Evaluation of Iran’s Photovoltaic Innovation System

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 2049
Author(s):  
Mohammad Esmailzadeh ◽  
Siamak Noori ◽  
Alireza Aliahmadi ◽  
Hamidreza Nouralizadeh ◽  
Marcel Bogers
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Innovation Systems ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Functional Problems

For developing countries to catch up, it is vital that they develop emerging technologies and the system that supports that development. The literature suggests developing a technological innovation system (TIS) framework to investigate the development of technologies in a country. Nonetheless, most of this research focuses on developed countries without taking into account developing countries. Therefore, in this paper, we have two main goals. First, reviewing the indicators introduced to the functional analysis of TISs and modifying these indicators based on developing countries’ circumstances. Second, applying this framework to the specific case of Iran’s renewable energy program by using these indicators for analyzing Iran’s photovoltaic TIS to identify the problems. Accordingly, we review indicators used for a functional analysis by considering the needs of developing countries, and we propose a list of indicators that can be used for assessing functions in developing countries’ TISs. The results show that, to evaluate some functions of TIS, we need to use new indicators in developing countries. Finally, we propose some policy recommendations to tackle these functional problems.

scholarly journals Global M&A and the Development of the IC Industry Ecosystem in China: What Can We Learn from the Case of Tsinghua Unigroup?

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Yunhao Feng ◽  
Jinxi Wu ◽  
Peng He
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Information Industry ◽  
Technological Improvement ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
International Mergers ◽  
Technological Strength

The integrated circuit (IC) industry is the foundation of the information industry, and its level of development is an important manifestation of the economic and technological strength of a country. At present, the IC industry is primarily monopolised by developed countries. Although China is the world’s largest consumer of semiconductors, it has a disproportionately small international market share of production and a very low domestic chip self-sufficiency rate, lagging far behind Europe, the United States, Japan, and South Korea. The process of promoting the development of China’s IC industry ecosystem is discussed based on a case study of Tsinghua Unigroup and the observation and analysis of its recent international mergers and acquisitions. The resulting conclusions suggest valuable mechanisms that could benefit the technological improvement of late-developing countries and help them close the gap with more developed countries. Relevant theory for the industrial ecosystem is enriched, providing a useful reference for the development of the IC industry in late-developing countries.

Sustainability Study of In-situ Hydroponic Vetiver System for Urban Wastewater Management in Developing Countries: A Theoretical Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 97-103
Author(s):  
Kaushik Ghosh ◽  
Arup Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Urban Wastewater ◽  
Current State ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Urban Wastewater Treatment

Urban wastewater management is a crucial challenge in the small and medium towns situated in the developing countries worldwide. These towns are also facing an increasing gap between infrastructure and population growth. A conventional approach to curb these problems is the application of cost-intensive electro-mechanical sewerage technologies, as adopted in developed countries. The first part of this paper derives a set of indicators to framework a sustainable urban wastewater treatment system by reviewing the current state of wastewater management in developing countries, for example, the sample case study being India. The second part evaluates the potential performance of the proposed alternative in-situ hydroponic vetiver system (HVS) against those set of sustainability indicators by reviewing the worldwide performance of the HVS. The objective of this paper is to assess the potential viability of the HVS as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative for developing countries. The current analysis can aid in mainstreaming the use of HVS in policy making and urban planning.

ASSESSING ORGANIZATIONAL KNOWLEDGE CREATION THEORY IN COLLABORATIVE R&D PROJECTS

2002 ◽  
Vol 06 (04) ◽  
pp. 387-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
WILLIAM H. A. JOHNSON
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Knowledge Creation ◽  
Collaborative Research ◽  
Organizational Knowledge ◽  
Technical Knowledge ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
Organizational Knowledge Creation ◽  
Survey Results

The paper describes research from an intensive study of technological innovation in collaborative research and development (R&D) projects. Specifically, the factors of organizational knowledge creation presented by Nonaka and Takeuchi are extended into the inter-organizational realm by examining survey results of 25 collaborative R&D projects. A case study is also presented from a set of six in-depth cases from the study's population of projects. It was found that specification of goals and scanning of relevant environment factors were significant positive factors in successful technological innovation in this context. In general, the results presented in this paper indicate that inter-organizational collaboration in R&D may require different technical knowledge-creating factors or enabling conditions from the single organization situation. Practical and theoretical implications regarding the use of such managerial devices in successful technical knowledge creation strategies are also discussed.

Digital Engineering Campus

2011 ◽  
pp. 344-358
Author(s):  
Milind J. Mahajan ◽  
Sunil S. Umrani ◽  
Narendra S. Chaudhari
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Educational Facilities ◽  
Web Based ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Web Based Education ◽  
Digital Engineering

In this chapter, we introduce two existing web-based, e-learning approaches, and examine economic and social aspects of their usage in society. Specifically, we briefly introduce an e-learning initiative in Singapore. Secondly, we give a detailed description of a case study regarding the experiment called “Digital Engineering Campus,” which is an NGO initiative to provide supplementary educational facilities for engineering colleges in India. Considering the economic as well as social benefits, using our detailed case-study of Digital Engineering Campus, we argue that developing countries like India have tremendous growth potential in web-based education. Further, the experiences of developed countries with web-based education will prove to be highly beneficial for developing countries like India.

The Impact of Globalization on Agricultural Biotechnology in Iran: A Model for Regional Intellectual Property Rights

2003 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-53
Author(s):  
Peter Phillips ◽  
Morteza Haghiri
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Biotechnology Sector ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe increasing population of developing countries, which creates an increasing demand for food, is severely challenging traditional agricultural practices. Recent scientific developments have introduced biotechnology techniques to agriculture. To increase the benefits from implementing biotechnology, countries need both to continuously invest in research and development in their biotechnology sector and to implement a series of complementary policies. Establishing and enforcing the intellectual property rights of plant breeders are among of these policies. The successful institution of plant breeders' rights is influenced by market institutions and the legal system, which together comprise the environmental structure of the economy. Since property rights are not well established in most developing and developed countries, individual research and innovations cannot be protected from intellectual property piracy. As a result, there is little incentive to continue investment in research and development in biotechnology in those markets. This paper proposes a model of regional intellectual property rights for developing countries where individual intellectual property rights are not enforceable.

scholarly journals Penurunan Kadar Asam Urat Setelah Pemberian Rebusan Daun Salam pada Lansia

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 426-434
Author(s):  
Santi Novitasari ◽  
Ricky Riyanto Iksan ◽  
Sri Atun Wahyuningsih
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Uric Acid ◽  
Study Design ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Case Study Design ◽  
Average Value ◽  
The World

ABSTRACT : THE DECREASE OF URIC ACID LEVELS AFTER GIVING SALAM LEAVES BOOKIN IN ELDERLY Background: Gout is a dominant health problem in various countries, both in developed countries and in developing countries, although the prevalence of gout in the world globally has not been recorded. Purpose : This study aims to identify the application of therapeutic interventions for giving bay leaf water decoction to reduce uric acid levels for the elderly. Result : This type of research is a case study design, which is a form of research (inquiry) or case studies and interventions about a problem that has a specificity (particularty). Results: The results of the study on 4 respondents who experienced a decrease in uric acid levels in the elderly after being given a decoction of bay leaves with an average value of 6.0 mg/dl. Conclusion: the conclusion from the study of giving bay leaf decoction to gout sufferers has shown a significant decrease in uric acid levels on the sixth day. Keywords : Elderly, Gout, Salam Leaves, Uric Acid Levels ABSTRAK PENURUNAN KADAR ASAM URAT SETELAH PEMBERIAN REBUSAN DAUN SALAM PADA LANSIA Latar Belakang : Gout merupakan suatu masalah kesehatan yang dominan diberbagai negara, baik di negara – negara maju maupun di negara – negara berkembang, meskipun angka prevalensi gout di dunia secara global belum tercatat. Tujuan : Penelitian Ini bertujuan Untuk Teridentifikasi Penerapan Intervensi Terapi Pemberian Rebusan Air Daun Salam Untuk Menurunkan Kadar Asam Urat Bagi Lansia. Metode Penelitian : Jenis penelitian ini adalah case study design yaitu suatu bentuk penelitian (inquiry) atau studi kasus dan intervensi tentang suatu masalah yang memiliki sifat kekhususan (particularty). Hasil : Hasil penelitian pada 4 responden yang dilakukan mengalami penurunan kadar asam urat pada lansia setelah diberikan rebusan daun salam dengan rerata nilai 6,0 mg/dl. Kesimpulan : simpulan dari penelitian pemberian rebusan daun salam pada penderita asam urat telah menunjukan penurunan kadar asam urat yang signifikan pada hari ke enam. Kata Kunci : Asam Urat, Daun Salam, Kadar Asam Urat, Lansia

scholarly journals Gender and feminist considerations in Artificial Intelligence from a developing-world perspective, with India as a case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANGHAMITRA CHOUDHURY ◽  
Shailendra Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Precarious Situation ◽  
And Robotics

<p>The relationship between women, technology manifestation, and likely prospects in the developing world is discussed in this manuscript. Using India as a case study, the paper goes on to discuss how ontology and epistemology views utilised in AI (Artificial Intelligence) and robotics will affect women's prospects in developing countries. Women in developing countries, notably in South Asia, are perceived as doing domestic work and are underrepresented in high-level professions. They are disproportionately underemployed and face prejudice in the workplace. The purpose of this study is to determine if the introduction of AI would exacerbate the already precarious situation of women in the developing world or if it would serve as a liberating force. While studies on the impact of AI on women have been undertaken in developed countries, there has been less research in developing countries. This manuscript attempts to fill that need.</p>

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