The Effect of Social Alliances on Wolf Population on Their Survival Under Hunting

1997 ◽  
Vol 08 (02) ◽  
pp. 417-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanisław Cebrat ◽  
Jerzy Kakol
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Ecological Niche ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wolf Population ◽  
Social Alliances

We have introduced the modified Verhulst factor to simulate the dynamics of wolves' population. The new factor enlarges the capacity of environment for organisms living in organized groups. Under this factor, social behavior allows the population to reach the larger size in the same ecological niche. The other effect of the introduced factor is that additional non-selective killing factors limit the population size not only directly but also by shrinking the effective ecological niche capacity.

A semi-hybrid model for malaria with limited superinfection

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (04) ◽  
pp. 1027-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Picard
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Hybrid Model ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

Modelling malaria with consistency necessitates the introduction of at least two families of interconnected processes. Even in a Markovian context the simplest fully stochastic model is intractable and is usually transformed into a hybrid model, by supposing that these two families are stochastically independent and linked only through two deterministic connections. A model closer to the fully stochastic model is presented here, where one of the two families is subordinated to the other and just a unique deterministic connection is required. For this model a threshold theorem can be proved but the threshold level is not the one obtained in a hybrid model. The difference disappears only when the human population size approaches infinity.

scholarly journals Genetic variation in the social environment affects behavioral phenotypes of oxytocin receptor mutants in zebrafish

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ribeiro ◽  
A.R. Nunes ◽  
M.C. Teles ◽  
S. Anbalagan ◽  
J. Blechman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Oxytocin Receptor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Knockout Line ◽  
Genetically Modified Animals

AbstractOxytocin-like peptides have been implicated in the regulation of a wide range of social behaviors across taxa. On the other hand, the social environment, which is composed of conspecifics genotypes, is also known to influence the development of social behavior, creating the possibility for indirect genetic effects. Here we used a knockout line for the oxytocin receptor in zebrafish to investigate how the genotypic composition of the social environment (Es) interacts with the oxytocin genotype (G) of the focal individual in the regulation of its social behavior. For this purpose, we have raised wild-type or knock-out zebrafish in either wild-type or knock-out shoals and tested different components of social behavior in adults. GxEs effects were detected in some behaviors, highlighting the need to control for GxEs effects when interpreting results of experiments using genetically modified animals, since the social environment can either rescue or promote phenotypes associated with specific genes.

scholarly journals The Emotional Lexicon Used by Male and Female Communication: Study of Balinese Language Used in South Kuta-Bali

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 364-372
Author(s):  
I Gusti Ayu Vina Widiadnya Putri ◽  
I Dewa Ayu Devi Maharani Santika
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Social ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Emotional Lexicon ◽  
Communication Study

The aims of this research is to analyse about the differences of emotional lexicon used by male and female communication in South Kuta-Bali when they used Balinese language in their daily interaction.  The scope of male and female is closely related to the social behavior which includes the social identity of male and female in society and this becomes the basis of how the language is used in this context of social. This research is interested to uncover more how people use language in terms of expressing their emotional in social interaction. This study is a sociolinguistic approach used the theory from Hickey, Raymon (2010). The data source in this study is the south Kuta community who use Balinese language in social interactions. The Data collection is done by observation, interview, recording and note taking and descriptive qualitative method is applied to analyze the data. The result of the analysis found that the emotional lexical is used by the male and female in their social interaction, it could mention that both Augmentatives and Euphemisms is used by male and female in their social interaction however the augmentative is mostly used by female in informal occasion. Balinese female often used prohibition instead of imperative in expressing her idea about ordering someone to do something. In the other hand, the male directly used imperative sentence in ordering something. He usually does not use many awkwardness to say his point in a conversation. This may be considered that the male often go to the straight point when expressing his idea. Keywords: Emotional Lexicon, Male and Female

scholarly journals Fidelity and the Speed of the Treadmill: The Combined Impact of Population Size, Transmission Fidelity, and Selection on the Accumulation of Cultural Complexity

2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 576-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claes Andersson ◽  
Petter Törnberg
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cambrian Explosion ◽  
Cultural Complexity ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
Domain Of Existence ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Combined Action ◽  
Combined Impact

Human culture signifies the emergence of an entirely new domain of existence: an event in natural history that is paralleled only by the Cambrian Explosion in terms of creativity and scope. The question of how human culture—as opposed to its animal counterparts—came to become open-endedly creative and cumulative is therefore one of wide and general scientific importance. Several causal factors have been proposed to date to explain this unique quality, including population size, transmission fidelity, pedagogy, and creativity. Inquiries, however, tend to focus exclusively on one factor at a time, leaving us blind to important issues regarding their relative roles and combined action. We here combine two models, one focusing on population size and the other on imitation fidelity, as constraints and enablers of evolutionary cumulativity. We explore how these factors interact to promote and inhibit evolutionary cumulativity and how the synthetic model compares to the original models individually and to empirical and experimental data. We report several findings that do not emerge in the models that we combine individually. For example, group size is found to be important for small but not for larger groups, an observation that moreover substantially improves agreement with data.

Behavioral Information Provided By Two Song Forms of the Eastern Kingbird, T. Tyrannus

Behaviour ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 120 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 90-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Marie Smith ◽  
W. John Smith
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
The Other ◽  
Eastern Kingbird ◽  
Holding Back ◽  
Behavioral Information

AbstractEastern kingbirds facilitate prediction of their social behavior through the proportional use of two different song forms, zeer and chatter-zeer, in daytime singing performances. The chatter-zeer song form predicts approach to closer quarters, whereas zeer predicts a high probability of staying put. The correlations of each song form with behavior were determined by observing natural encounters singers had with their mates, conspecific intruders and birds of other species. Playback simulations of territorial intrusions were then used to test whether singers would approach with a high proportion of chatter-zeer and little or no zeer. This was strongly confirmed. Kingbirds who approach are taking a major interactional initiative, even though their next move is usually to await the other individual's response. In effect, singers dare or encourage those individuals to interact. The chatter-zeer with which they precede or announce approach does not specify the kind of interaction for which singers are prepared: the information it provides is as relevant in events in which the singer associates with its mate as in events in which the singer confronts an opponent. A zeer singer is less actively provocative, deferring initiative more while nonetheless being ready to respond to the actions of others. By providing information about the relative probabilities of these actions, singing should help kingbirds to negotiate or even arrange social issues while spatially separated, often obviating closer encounters. Since many kinds of animals sing, and since the characteristic continuity and cadencing of singing performances are specializations well suited to communicating at a distance, it is worth asking if other species also use singing patterns and songs to distinguish between the actions of holding back and approaching.

Microsatellite loci over a thirty-three year period for a malaria parasite (Plasmodium mexicanum): bottleneck in effective population size and effect on allele frequencies

Parasitology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 140 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. SCHALL ◽  
K. M. ST. DENIS
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Effective Population Size ◽  
Malaria Parasite ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Parasite Prevalence ◽  
Allele Frequencies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Blood Smears ◽  
Parasite Plasmodium

SUMMARYChanges in population allele frequencies may be driven by several forces, including selection and drift, and are revealed only by sampling over many generations. Such studies, however, are rare for protist parasites. Microsatellite allele frequencies for 4 loci were followed in a population of Plasmodium mexicanum, a malaria parasite of lizards in California USA at 1 site from 1978 to 2010. Rapid turnover of the lizards indicates the parasite was studied for a minimum of 33 transmission cycles and possibly twice that number. Sample sizes ranged from 841 to 956 scored parasite clones per locus. DNA was extracted from frozen dried blood and blood removed from stained blood smears from the earliest years, and a verification study demonstrated DNA from the blood smears provided valid genetic data. Parasite prevalence and effective population size (Ne) dropped after 2000, remaining lower for the next decade. For 2 loci, allele frequencies appeared stable for the first 2 decades of the study, but changed more rapidly after the decline in prevalence. Allele frequencies changed more gradually for the other 2 loci. Genetic drift could account for changes in allele frequencies, especially after the drop in prevalence and Ne, but the force of selection could also have driven the observed patterns.

scholarly journals Attraction to conspecifcs in Rhinella icterica and R. ornata tadpoles (Anura: Bufonidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Polettini Neto ◽  
Jaime Bertoluci
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Random Distribution ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
The Other ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Innate Behavior

Abstract: Tadpoles are able to perceive and discriminate signals from environment and they may use this ability in behaviors and ecological processes. Recognition mechanisms may be involved in schooling by means of attraction among individuals, characterizing a social process. By means of laboratory experiments the present study investigated the presence or absence of attraction to conspecifics in tadpoles of Rhinella icterica and R. ornata, two sympatric species from the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. We collected eggs of these two species in the field and reared them in laboratory according to two different methods (isolated or in groups of siblings). Tadpoles were submitted to experiments of choice between conspecifics, heterospecifics, and an empty compartment. Rhinella icterica tadpoles preferred to associate with conspecifics rather than R. ornata tadpoles, and we verified this is an innate behavior. Rhinella ornata tadpoles failed to discriminate between conspecifics and R. icterica tadpoles. When submitted to choice between a group of tadpoles of the other species and an empty compartment, R. icterica tadpoles presented random distribution, while R. ornata tadpoles preferred to associate with heterospecifics. Our results indicate R. icterica tadpoles have preference to associate with conspecifics, while R. ornata tadpoles may school indiscriminately. This study contributes for a better understanding of larval anuran social behavior.

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN LAYANAN E-TICKETING COMMUTERLINE DALAM PENDISIPLINAN PERILAKU SOSIAL PADA PENGGUNA KRL DI STASIUN DEPOK LAMA

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Zahra Raihanah
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
User Behavior ◽  
Structuration Theory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Transportation Services ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Social ◽  
Anthony Giddens

Abstract. Changes in the social behavior of KRL users, especially those of KRL users at Depok Lama Station, are one of the changes that have a significant impact on the progress of the Jabodetabek Commuter Line KRL transportation. This change was supported by the change in the KRL ticket purchasing system from paper tickets to E-Ticketing. The application of the E-Ticketing system to KRL transportation is one of the innovations launched by PT KAI in maximizing KRL transportation services. On the other hand, the application of the E-Ticketing system is also present as a solution in the midst of the problem of poor train service which causes train revenue to decline and the level of passenger confidence is also lower. For this reason, service improvements starting from the renovation of the station to the implementation of the E-Ticketing system are considered a way out to overcome the problems that occur. This article uses Anthony Giddens' structuration theory to understand how structures and agents collaborate to produce a new structure. Through the process of interviews, observation, and literature study, this article concludes that the implementation of the E-Ticketing system followed by several new policy implementations by PT KAI has been able to change the condition of the station area from dirty, slum, unsafe and comfortable and disorganized environment to better, cleaner, safer and more comfortable and systematic. In addition, the modernization of KRL services has also changed the culture of modern user behavior to be more orderly, disciplined and regular in using KRL transportation.Abstrak. Perubahan perilaku sosial pengguna KRL khususnya pada pengguna KRL di Stasiun Depok Lama menjadi salah satu perubahan yang berdampak signifikan bagi kemajuan transportasi KRL Commuter Line Jabodetabek. Perubahan ini ditunjang dengan berubahnya sistem pembelian tiket KRL dari paper ticket menjadi E-Ticketing. Penerapan sistem E-Ticketing pada transportasi KRL menjadi salah satu inovasi yang diluncurkan oleh PT KAI dalam memaksimalkan pelayanan transportasi KRL. Di sisi lain, penerapan sistem E-Ticketing juga hadir sebagai solusi ditengah masalah buruknya pelayanan kereta api sehingga menyebabkan pendapatan kereta api menurun dan tingkat kepercayaan penumpang juga semakin rendah. Untuk itu, perbaikan pelayanan dimulai dari renovasi ulang stasiun sampai penerapan sistem E-Ticketing dianggap sebuah jalan keluar untuk mengatasi masalah yang terjadi. Artikel ini menggunakan teori strukturasi dari Anthony Giddens untuk memahami bagaimana struktur dan agen saling berkolaborasi untuk menghasilkan sebuah struktur baru. Melalui proses wawancara, observasi, dan studi pustaka artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa dengan diterapkannya sistem E-Ticketing diikuti dengan beberapa penerapan kebijakan baru oleh PT KAI ternyata mampu mengubah kondisi area stasiun dari yang kotor, kumuh, lingkungan yang tidak aman dan nyaman serta tidak terorganisir menjadi lebih baik, bersih, aman dan nyaman serta tersistematis. Disamping itu, modernisasi pelayanan KRL juga mengubah budaya perilaku modern pengguna nya menjadi  lebih tertib, disiplin, dan teratur dalam menggunakan transportasi KRL.Kata Kunci:

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Quantitative and Qualitative Composition of the Nematode Populations in Pineapple Fields in Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-299
Author(s):  
Alejandro Ayala
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Nematode Population ◽  
The Other ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Potential Yield

In this study undertaken in Puerto Rico during the months from March through September 1957, 60 different samples of plant-parasitic nematodes from roots and soil were taken from various pineapple farms in 3 of the 4 production Regions of Puerto Rico: Northern, Southwestern, and Central. The fields were selected at random, and those showing no symptoms of nematode injury, as well as those showing such symptoms, were studied. The methods employed for field collection were a modification of those used by Cobb. The laboratory methods and the recovery of nematodes from the soil were a combination of the screen and Baermann-funnel methods. Twenty-three different genera of nematodes were recovered, 16 of which were recognized as being plant parasites and the other 7 were suspected. There was no case in which a sample was found to be free of plant nematodes. In fact, the lowest number of genera present in 1 sample was 5 and the highest was 15, with a mean average of 9 genera per sample. The most frequently occurring genera were Rotylenchulus and Helicotylenchus which were present in all the samples. Less frequent but still common were Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus, Aphelenchoides, Dorylaimus, Ditylenchus, and Meloidogyne. This last one was found only in the Northern Region. The other 16 genera were less widely distributed. Populations of the first 2 genera were large, with a general mean average of 0.97 and 0.67 million per square meter (3.90 and 2.70 billions per acre), respectively. Their population size was higher in the Northern Region, while in the Central and Southwestern Regions it was lower. The average nematode population was 1.75 millions per square meter (7.05 billions per acre) at 6 inches depth. Several edaphic, climatological, and biological factors were found to be related to population sizes for all the genera and some specific genera studied. Population size of the genera varied with geographic location, type of soil, age and variety of the plants (although not statistically), previous crops planted, and temperature. No apparent relation was noted between precipitation except for the root-knot nematode and pH of the soil and nematode population size. No study was conducted of other biological factors such as different soil organisms, or cultivation methods and soil additives. It was estimated from the results obtained in this study and the damage observed in the pineapple plantings of this as well as previously scattered experiments that nematodes cause the loss of a great part of the crop yield in the Island. This loss has been calculated by the Extension Service officers to amount to at least 40 percent of the potential yield.

The Role of Activity and Similarity in Rating and Social Behavior in Social Recommender Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (06) ◽  
pp. 1960004
Author(s):  
Carine Pierrette Mukamakuza ◽  
Dimitris Sacharidis ◽  
Hannes Werthner
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Recommender Systems ◽  
User Behavior ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Connections ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
High Similarity ◽  
Strong Activity ◽  
Social Recommender Systems ◽  
The Social

Social recommender systems exploit two sources of information for making recommendations, the historical rating behavior of users, and the social connections among them. The basic assumption is that if two users are friends, they are likely to share similar preferences. Many recommendation approaches are based on such correlations between the rating and the social behavior of users. However, there is little work in studying whether there actually exist such correlations and how strong they are. In our work, we look at the two views of user behavior, their social connections, and their history of ratings, and investigate two research questions. The first examines if strong activity in one view, e.g., having many friends, implies strong activity in the other view, e.g., having rated many items. The second investigates whether high similarity in one view, e.g., network similarity, implies high similarity in the other view, e.g., rating similarity. We employ various notions of activity and similarity, and identify those that appear to have the stronger impact. Specifically, to some degree, we find that rating behavior determines social behavior, and that the opposite relationship is weaker.

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