ADDING A BASIC PILLAR TO THE CENTRAL PROVIDENT FUND SYSTEM: AN ACTUARIAL ANALYSIS

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (03) ◽  
pp. 1550037 ◽  
Author(s):  
NGEE-CHOON CHIA
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Income Support ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Inherent Structure ◽  
Pension Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Provident Fund

The Central Provident Fund (CPF) system has worked well for majority of Singaporeans who are able to work consistently over their life cycle and have made prudent housing choices. However, the inherent structure of CPF, which is based purely on contributions, is unable to address retirement adequacy for its vulnerable members. Adding a means-tested non-contributory basic pillar to the system will make the system more inclusive. This paper studies the pension cost of a targeted old-age income support system for needy elderly to help meet their basic living expenses. A Lee–Carter stochastic model is used to forecast the elderly population. Pension costs depend on coverage and benefit levels and the cost of living adjustments. The viability of a basic retirement support scheme would also depend on the speed of ageing and the rate of economic growth.

Sri Lanka in 2007: Military Successes, but at Humanitarian and Economic Costs

Asian Survey ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nira Wickramasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Eastern Province ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Economic Growth Rate ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
Government Security

The year 2007 saw a successful military campaign that led to the ““liberation”” of the Eastern Province by government security forces. The country's high economic growth rate continued despite the war, but inflation and the cost of living also rose significantly. The regime's human rights record came under serious scrutiny.

scholarly journals Poverty in Russian regions in 2000-2017: factors and dynamics

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia V. Zubarevich
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Poverty Indicators ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Regions Of Russia

The article considers the level and dynamics of the level of poverty in the regions of Russia for 2000-2017, shows the sustainability of regional differentiation, despite the changes in the distribution of regions by the level of poverty. Regions with different rates of poverty reduction in the period of economic growth and the factors that accelerated this process are allocated. The weak impact of the two recent crises on the dynamics of poverty in the regions with different dynamics of income is revealed. The influence of demographic (child burden) and income factors (income level and income inequality), the cost of living in regions and the level of urbanization on regional poverty indicators is considered. The change of influence of different factors of poverty in the early 2000s and in 2017 is shown. An analysis of changes in the regional picture of poverty in transition from absolute to relative criteria of its measurement is carried out.

scholarly journals The Current of Population Aging and Its Impact on Economic Growth in the Mekong Delta

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phan Thuan ◽  
Vu Thi Thu Hien
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Aging Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Group Population

The purpose of the article is to analyze the current of aging population and its impact on economic growth in the Mekong Delta. The article pointed out that aging population has being occured quickly with the trends: the rapid increase of group population aged 60 and over, the differences between localities in the area and the elderly population feminization. This has impacted strongly on the region's economic growth. From the evidences of this study, aging population has influenced both positive and negative to the region's economic growth.

scholarly journals Outcomes of endovascular thrombectomy in the elderly: a ‘real-world’ multicenter study

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 545-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Alawieh ◽  
Robert M Starke ◽  
Arindam Rano Chatterjee ◽  
Aquilla Turk ◽  
Reade De Leacy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Population ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Functional Independence ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Independent Effect ◽  
Endovascular Thrombectomy ◽  
Prognostic Effect ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Effect Of Age

BackgroundThe efficacy of endovascular thrombectomy (ET) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS) in octogenarians is still controversial.ObjectiveTo evaluate, using a large multicenter cohort of patients, outcomes after ET in octogenarians compared with younger patients.MethodsData from prospectively maintained databases of patients undergoing ET for AIS at seven US-based comprehensive stroke centers between January 2013 and January 2018 were reviewed. Demographic, procedural, and outcome variables were collected. Outcomes included 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score, postprocedural National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, postprocedural hemorrhage, and mortality. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the independent effect of age ≥80 on outcome measures. Subgroup analyses were also performed based on location of stroke, success of recanalization, or ET technique used.ResultsRates of functional independence (mRS score 0–2) after ET in elderly patients were significantly lower than for younger counterparts. Age ≥80 was independently associated with increased mortality and poor outcome. Age ≥80 showed an independent negative prognostic effect on outcome even when patients were divided according to thrombectomy technique, location of stroke, or success of recanalization. Age ≥80 independently predicted higher rate of postprocedural hemorrhage, but not success of recanalization. Baseline deficit and number of reperfusion attempts, but not Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction score were associated with lower odds of good outcome.ConclusionThe large effect size of ET on AIS outcomes is significantly diminished in the elderly population when using comparable selection criteria to those used in younger counterparts. This raises concerns about the risk–benefit ratio and the cost-effectiveness of performing this procedure in the elderly before optimizing patient selection.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE ELDERLY POPULATION ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN CHINA

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
XIAOLIANG ZHOU ◽  
TING LI
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Dynamic Panel Regression

While most studies have shown that an aging population has a negative impact on economic growth, the potentially positive factor of a young elderly population may be neglected. The purpose of this study is to investigate the following two hypotheses: the young elderly population (aged from 60 to 69) with a strong academic background has a positive impact on the economy in China, and the elderly population has a negative impact on the economy in China. Official provincial-level panel data from 1996 to 2016 for 29 provinces are utilized in fixed-effects models with and without controlling for heteroskedasticity and cross-sectional dependence, as well as in DIFF-GMM and SYS-GMM models in the dynamic panel regression estimation. The primary finding of this study is that young elderly people with a strong educational background can positively affect China’s economic growth and can partly alleviate the negative effect of the overall elderly population. This conclusion is quite robust regardless of which econometric method is adopted.

scholarly journals A Study on the Chinese Enterprise Annuity Replacement Rate Problem

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Mei Yu ◽  
Haibin Xie ◽  
Xiaowei Huang ◽  
Jinhai Xu ◽  
Dan Ralescu
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Replacement Rate ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Pension Income ◽  
Chinese Enterprise ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Enterprise Annuity ◽  
Rate Of Substitution

AbstractIn this paper, the enterprise annuity replacement rate in China is discussed. The enterprise annuity replacement rate refers to the ratio of pension income and wages income before retired. It is an important indicator to measure the standard of living of the elderly population. The paper succeeded derived the equilibrium model of the enterprise annuity fund under the cost and management fee, and the enterprise annuity replacement rate is deduced. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis of each parameter is given, and the enterprise annuity rate of substitution for different gender is also obtained, which shows that the existing system of enterprise annuity unfairness to exist between men and women.

Agricultural Productivity and Economic Growth in England, 1700–1760: A Comment

1966 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Flinn
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Productivity ◽  
Home Market ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Grain Prices

In his recent article in this Journal, A. H. John has attempted to show how low grain prices in the first half of the eighteenth century stimulated economic growth. His argument runs that after the Restoration,…there followed almost a century of comparative plenty, bringing an increasing flow of food and raw materials. The most pronounced fall in prices occurred in grains … Because [the bread grains] entered very largely into the diet of most groups in society, a fall in their prices lowered the cost of living and so raised per capita real incomes …. Income tended to move into the hands of people, who, through habit and/or necessity, were more likely to spend than hoard …. Many of the growth points stemmed from a buoyant home market.

scholarly journals Unruptured aneurysms in the elderly: perioperative outcomes and cost analysis of endovascular coiling and surgical clipping

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. E4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole A. Silva ◽  
Belinda Shao ◽  
Michael J. Sylvester ◽  
Jean Anderson Eloy ◽  
Chirag D. Gandhi
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Hospital Mortality ◽  
Conservative Management ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Hospital Charges ◽  
Perioperative Outcomes ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
The Cost

OBJECTIVEObservation and neurosurgical intervention for unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) in the elderly population is rapidly increasing. Cerebral aneurysm coiling (CACo) is favored over cerebral aneurysm clipping (CAC) in elderly patients, yet some elderly individuals still undergo CAC. The cost-effectiveness of treating UIAs requires further exploration. Understanding the effect of intervention on hospital charges and length of stay (LOS) as well as perioperative mortality and complications can further shed light on its economic impact. The purpose of this study was to analyze the cost and perioperative outcomes of UIAs in elderly patients (≥ 65 years of age) after CACo or CAC intervention.METHODSRetrospective cohorts of CACo and CAC admissions were extracted from National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample data obtained between 2002 and 2013, forming parallel intervention groups to compare the following outcomes between elderly and nonelderly patients: average LOS and mean hospital admission costs, in-hospital mortality, and complications. Covariates included sex, race or ethnicity, and comorbidities.RESULTSElderly patients undergoing CAC experienced an average LOS of 8.0 days, whereas elderly patients undergoing CACo stayed an average of 3.2 days. The mean hospital charges incurred during admission totaled $95,960 in the elderly patients who underwent CAC versus $87,960 in the ones who underwent CACo. Elderly patients in whom CAC was performed had a 2.2% rate of in-hospital mortality, with a 2.6 greater adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality than nonelderly patients treated with CAC. In contrast, elderly patients who underwent CACo had a 1.36 greater adjusted odds of in-hospital mortality than their nonelderly counterparts. Compared to nonelderly patients receiving both interventions, elderly individuals had a significantly higher prevalence of various comorbidities and incidence of complications. Elderly patients who received CAC experienced a 10.3% incidence rate of perioperative stroke, whereas their CACo counterparts experienced this complication at a rate of 3.5%. Elderly patients treated with CAC had greater odds of perioperative acute renal failure, whereas their CACo counterparts had greater odds of perioperative deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.CONCLUSIONSIntervention with CAC and CACo in the elderly is resource intensive and is associated with higher risk than in the nonelderly. Those deciding between intervention and conservative management should consider these risks and costs, especially the 2.2% postoperative mortality rate associated with CAC in the elderly population. Further comparative cost-effectiveness research is needed to weigh these costs and outcomes against those of conservative management.

scholarly journals Study of the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in the elderly in the epidemic of 1989–90 using a general practice database

1995 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Fleming ◽  
J. M. Watson ◽  
S. Nicholas ◽  
G. E. Smith ◽  
A. V. Swan
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Influenza Vaccination ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Influenza Epidemic ◽  
Serious Illness ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Cost

SummaryThe effectiveness of influenza vaccination in preventing serious illness and death was determined in an elderly population during the influenza epidemic of 1989–90. A retrospective cohort study was carried out using computerized general practitioner records on nearly 10000 patients aged 55 years and over. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, recent immunization was found to have a protective effect of 75% (95% confidence intervals: 21–92%) against death. Protection did not appear to vary with either age or the presence of underlying chronic disease. As the complications of influenza are most common in those with underlying chronic disease, the study findings are consistent with the recommended policy for the use of influenza vaccine in the UK. Further work is necessary to determine the cost-effectiveness of extending immunization to other groups.

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