scholarly journals Poverty in Russian regions in 2000-2017: factors and dynamics

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia V. Zubarevich
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Poverty Indicators ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Regions Of Russia

The article considers the level and dynamics of the level of poverty in the regions of Russia for 2000-2017, shows the sustainability of regional differentiation, despite the changes in the distribution of regions by the level of poverty. Regions with different rates of poverty reduction in the period of economic growth and the factors that accelerated this process are allocated. The weak impact of the two recent crises on the dynamics of poverty in the regions with different dynamics of income is revealed. The influence of demographic (child burden) and income factors (income level and income inequality), the cost of living in regions and the level of urbanization on regional poverty indicators is considered. The change of influence of different factors of poverty in the early 2000s and in 2017 is shown. An analysis of changes in the regional picture of poverty in transition from absolute to relative criteria of its measurement is carried out.

Income Inequality and Economic Development

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew McKeever
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

The nature of the relationship between economic development and income inequality has long been the subject of considerable debate. Economic growth has very different effects on poverty, depending on a country’s level of income inequality. In high inequality countries, economic growth that raises the overall level of income disproportionately tends to benefit the rich, whereas policies that encourage economic growth while reducing income inequality will greatly accelerate the achievement of poverty reduction goals. Thus, understanding how income inequality and economic development are linked is important for establishing economic growth policies that reduce poverty. The literature on the economic development–income inequality nexus in industrial society places emphasis on the causes of current social inequality. The central and most cited paper in the literature is S. Kuznets’s “Economic Growth and Income Inequality” (1955), which proposed an inverted U-shaped relationship between development and inequality over the course of industrialization. Some scholars have tried to build upon Kuznets’s theory by focusing on his claim that income inequality is a function of the nature of regulations put on the market. Other studies deal with the importance of studying the relationship between democracy and inequality, the effect of the nature of the government on shaping inequality compared to industrialization, and the implications of globalization for income inequality. This overview of the literature shows that there is little true consensus on the relationship between inequality and development and highlights two major areas for improvement: measurement and data quality.

Sri Lanka in 2007: Military Successes, but at Humanitarian and Economic Costs

Asian Survey ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nira Wickramasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Eastern Province ◽  
Security Forces ◽  
Economic Growth Rate ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Military Campaign ◽  
Government Security

The year 2007 saw a successful military campaign that led to the ““liberation”” of the Eastern Province by government security forces. The country's high economic growth rate continued despite the war, but inflation and the cost of living also rose significantly. The regime's human rights record came under serious scrutiny.

Infrastructure and Economic Transformation in Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
pp. 190-212
Author(s):  
Seid Nuru
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Rail Network ◽  
Development Agenda ◽  
The Cost

Investment in infrastructure has a central role in the development agenda and is critical for supporting economic growth and poverty reduction. Infrastructure affects growth through two channels: directly through physical capital accumulation and indirectly through improvement in productivity. Investment in infrastructure enhances private sector activities by lowering the cost of production and opening new markets. Infrastructure investment in power generation, water, sanitation, and housing improves the social well-being of citizens. This chapter examines the pace and scale of infrastructure development in Ethiopia in the post-1991 period. The unparalleled expansion of infrastructure since the EPRDF came to power in 1991 has had a significant influence on the trajectory of Ethiopia’s economic growth. Investment in infrastructure now accounts for more than 15 per cent of GDP annually. Heavy investments in power, roads, rail network, irrigation, aviation, and logistics have helped to unleash the country’s potential both economically and as a major manufacturing hub in Africa.

ADDING A BASIC PILLAR TO THE CENTRAL PROVIDENT FUND SYSTEM: AN ACTUARIAL ANALYSIS

2015 ◽  
Vol 60 (03) ◽  
pp. 1550037 ◽  
Author(s):  
NGEE-CHOON CHIA
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Income Support ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Inherent Structure ◽  
Pension Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Provident Fund

The Central Provident Fund (CPF) system has worked well for majority of Singaporeans who are able to work consistently over their life cycle and have made prudent housing choices. However, the inherent structure of CPF, which is based purely on contributions, is unable to address retirement adequacy for its vulnerable members. Adding a means-tested non-contributory basic pillar to the system will make the system more inclusive. This paper studies the pension cost of a targeted old-age income support system for needy elderly to help meet their basic living expenses. A Lee–Carter stochastic model is used to forecast the elderly population. Pension costs depend on coverage and benefit levels and the cost of living adjustments. The viability of a basic retirement support scheme would also depend on the speed of ageing and the rate of economic growth.

scholarly journals Regional differentiation of higher education in Russian regions in 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (35) ◽  
pp. 428-445
Author(s):  
Iuliia Pinkovetskaia ◽  
Magomedsaid Yakhyaev ◽  
Elena Sverdlikova ◽  
Daniela S. Veas Iniesta
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Regional Differentiation ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
Working Age ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Working Age Population ◽  
Statistical Surveys ◽  
Higher Education Organizations ◽  
Regions Of Russia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the specific values of the indices that describe the spread of higher education institutions in all regions of Russia and the number of their students in the total working-age population living in these regions. The initial empirical data were the results of official statistical surveys conducted on information on the development of higher education, as well as the number of working -age population in eighty-two regions of the Russian Federation for 2020. In the course of the research, four mathematical models were developed. The study showed that on average, there are almost 14.8 higher education organizations per million working-age residents in the regions. It is proved that every twenty-fourth person of working age in 2020 studied under higher education programs. The conducted analysis showed the presence of a significant differentiation of the values of the considered indicators by region. The regions with the maximum and minimum values of the considered indicators were identified. It is shown that higher education has received significant development in Russia.

Investigating the interlinkages between infrastructure development, poverty and rural–urban income inequality

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 466-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varun Chotia ◽  
N.V.M. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Integration Test ◽  
Urban Income ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between infrastructure development, rural–urban income inequality and poverty for BRICS economies. Design/methodology/approach Pedroni’s panel co-integration test and panel dynamic ordinary least squares (PDOLS) have been used to carry out the analysis. Findings The empirical findings confirm a long-run relationship among infrastructure development, poverty and rural–urban inequality. The PDOLS results suggest that both infrastructure development and economic growth lead to poverty reduction in BRICS. However, rural–urban income inequality aggravates poverty in these nations. The paper advocates for adopting policies aimed at strengthening infrastructure and achieving economic growth to reduce the current levels of poverty prevailing in the BRICS nations. Originality/value Significant limitations exist in the literature in terms of not clearly defining the nature of relationship and interlinkages between infrastructure development, poverty and inequality, with regard to the BRICS nations. The available studies mainly focus on the relationship between infrastructure and growth, with the universal agreement being that these two are positively related. However, it is still not right to assume that economic growth attributable to infrastructure development will, therefore, subsequently lead to a reduction in inequality. This forms the basis for this study, that is, to critically examine the relationship between infrastructure development, inequality and poverty for BRICS nations.

scholarly journals The Burden of Stabilisation on Provinces and Its Implications for the Social Sectors

2003 ◽  
Vol 42 (4II) ◽  
pp. 783-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qazi Masood Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Sabir
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Fiscal Deficit ◽  
Services Delivery ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Stabilisation Policies

An agenda of economic reform encompassing a broad range of structural adjustment policies (SAP) is underway in Pakistan since 1987-88. These policies have an adverse impact on the pace of economic growth and created more poverty and inequality in the country [see Bengali and Ahmed (2002); Kemal (2003)]. These studies argues that during the last fifteen years each government is trying to stabilise the economy even at the cost of economic growth and delivery of social services. The negative impact of stabilisation policies on economic growth of the country is reflected in the decline of GDP growth from an average annual growth of 4.6 percent during 1990s as compared to 6.5 percent during 1980s. Similarly, negligence of social services delivery is reflected in the recent UNDP Report (2003), which, show that the ranking of Pakistan has slipped from 136 to 141 along with the decline in many other social sector statistics. The top government officials now also recognise these facts and the relapse of growth oriented policy can be heard more often. Trend in public finance statistics of the country clearly indicate that one of the important victim of stabilisation policies are the expenditures of provincial governments. In last several years the significant portion of onus of containment of fiscal deficit has been shifted towards the provincial governments. The onus of containment of fiscal deficit by all four provincial governments during the last decade has increased from 18 percent to 50 percent, which has devastating impact on the service provision and poverty reduction.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF INCOME INEQUALITY ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN RUSSIAN REGIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 106-110
Author(s):  
Rogneda Vasilyeva ◽  
Oleg Mariev ◽  
Elena Ignatieva ◽  
Alla Serkova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Russian Regions ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Fixed Capital Investment ◽  
The Impact

Inequality in the distribution of income of the population has a certain impact on different aspects of the economic and socio-cultural development of countries and regions. This inequality arises due to a number of factors as the current nature of the production specialization, the availability of production and economic infrastructure, the achieved level of development of the social sphere, socio-cultural, demographic, and other factors. The main objective of this study is to assess the nature and extent of the impact of income inequality in the Russian regions for the subsequent justification of the directions of socio-economic development. We conducted an econometric analysis of the impact of intraregional income inequality (the Gini coefficient), fixed capital investment per capita, and average per capita consumer spending on one of the main indicators of regional economic growth (GRP) per capita was carried out. The model is based on panel data for the period 2012-2018 for 85 regions of the Russian Federation. The results of the study confirm two of three hypotheses. As prospects for further research, it is proposed to consider the impact of inequality in the distribution of household income on economic growth for different groups of regions, including resource-type regions and regions with a predominance of manufacturing industries, as well as for leading regions and regions with a relatively low level of socio-economic development.

The Economic Growth–Income Inequality–Poverty Nexus and Its Impact on Environmental Degradation: Empirical Evidence from India

2021 ◽  
pp. 097639962110238
Author(s):  
Geetilaxmi Mohapatra ◽  
Arun Kumar Giri
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Environmental Degradation ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Causality Test ◽  
Distributed Lag ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run

This study attempts to examine the main forces affecting short-run and long-run carbon emission patterns due to changes in economic growth, income inequality and poverty in India over the period 1982–2018. For this purpose, it uses the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration technique and the vector error correction model (VECM) based on Granger causality tests. The stationary properties of the variables are checked using the Ng–Perron test. The results of the ARDL bounds test confirm the long-run relationship among the variables. Further, the ARDL coefficient confirms that economic growth and poverty increase carbon emissions in both the short and long run. The empirical findings of the causality test indicate the presence of short-run causality running from economic growth and poverty reduction to environmental degradation. Hence, the study recommends that policymakers must devote more attention to alleviating poverty and reducing income inequalities through redistributing transfers, investing on universal access to health and education, implementing progressive taxation policies, empowering women and enforcing the Clean India mission, which will have a positive impact on reducing environmental degradation in India. Further, the study also recommends appropriate environmental regulations that can substantially stimulate innovations to increase energy efficiency and thereby reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.

Poverty assessment in Russia: dependence on the measurement methodology

2021 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-169
Author(s):  
M. A. Bulanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Poverty Assessment ◽  
Measurement Methodology ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Cost

Poverty reduction is one of the main objectives of the state policy in the Russian Federation. In the decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 474 of 21.07.2020 «On the national goals of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030,» a target is determined - reducing the poverty level by half by 2030. To measure poverty in the Russian Federation until 2021, the absolute concept was used. Within the framework of this concept, it is planned to create a minimum standard on the basis of which the level of poverty was determined. In the Russian Federation, a consumer basket is adopted as a standard, on the basis of which the cost of living is calculated. The cost of living is the threshold for poverty. Since 2021, the methodology for measuring poverty has changed, the calculation is based on the relative concept, the median method is used to measure poverty. A number of countries also use the multidimensional poverty concept with a set of indicators to measure poverty. The article provides a comparative analysis of methodological approaches for poverty assessment. The article proves that the level of poverty depends on the methodological approach underlying its measurement. The author believes that only a multidimensional approach to measuring poverty will contribute to the development of effective public policies to overcome poverty.

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