TYPE I SUPERSTRING THEORY IN THE FORM OF OPEN TYPE IIB ONE WITH APPROPRIATE CHOICE OF BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (15) ◽  
pp. 2857-2865
Author(s):  
BOJAN NIKOLIĆ ◽  
BRANISLAV SAZDOVIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Type I ◽  
World Sheet ◽  
Superstring Theory ◽  
Open Type

We improve relation between type IIB and type I superstring theory. In fact we obtain type I theory as type IIB on the solution of appropriately chosen boundary conditions. We find that type I theory, which is symmetric under world-sheet parity transformation Ω : σ → - σ, beside Ω even fields of the type IIB theory, contains squares of Ω odd fields.

scholarly journals PERTURBATIVE DYNAMICS OF FRACTIONAL STRINGS ON MULTIPLY WOUND D-STRINGS

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (06) ◽  
pp. 903-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
AKIKAZU HASHIMOTO
Keyword(s):  
Scattering Amplitudes ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Bound State ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Effective Theory ◽  
World Sheet ◽  
Open Strings ◽  
Twisted Boundary Conditions

Fractional strings in the spectrum of states of open strings attached to a multiply wound D-brane is explained. We first describe the fractional string states in the low energy effective theory where the topology of multiple winding is encoded in the gauge holonomy. The holonomy induces twisted boundary conditions responsible for the fractional moding of these states. We also describe fractional strings in world sheet formulation and compute simple scattering amplitudes for Hawking emission/absorption. Generalization to fractional DN-strings in a one-brane five-brane bound state is described. When a one-brane and a five-brane wraps Q1 and Q5 times respectively around a circle, the momentum of DN-strings is quantized in units of 2π/LQ1Q5. These fractional states appear naturally in the perturbative spectrum of the theory.

FERMIONIC STRING MODELS AND ZN ORBIFOLDS

1989 ◽  
Vol 04 (24) ◽  
pp. 2339-2347 ◽  
Author(s):  
DAVID C. DUNBAR
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
World Sheet ◽  
Fermionic String ◽  
String Models ◽  
Special Case

It is shown that ZN orbifold models may, in special case be realised by a set world sheet fermions which have boundary conditions which are non-diagonal.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Cost of Failure Risk: A Case Study of the Kang-Wei-Kou Stream Diversion Project

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 2881
Author(s):  
Chung-Yuan Liang ◽  
Yuan-Heng Wang ◽  
Gene Jiing-Yun You ◽  
Po-Chun Chen ◽  
Emilie Lo
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Type I ◽  
Original Design ◽  
The Monte Carlo Method ◽  
Potential Risks ◽  
The Cost

For water resource engineering projects, some potential risks that are unclear and difficult to investigate are the most crucial problem for engineers. This study presents a unique case of unknown risks, the Kang-Wei-Kou (KWK) Diversion project, which collapsed due to an unexpected hydraulic jump resulting from uneven regional rainfall. We used HEC-RAS incorporating Monte Carlo simulations for analyzing the potential risks to the original design of the KWK Diversion, concerning boundary conditions. An extreme value type I distribution was selected as the form of probability density function (PDF) to upstream discharge, whereas a normal distribution was selected as the form of PDF to downstream water depth, as boundary conditions. Applying the Monte Carlo method, the analysis revealed that the probability of failure was 7.5%, which was non-negligible and should have been considered in the design plan. This case study indicates that overlooking downstream conditions can lead a major facility to fail, and a stochastic analysis could be a way to find out potential risks. We also applied the cost–benefit analysis to review whether the design plans were appropriately estimated with careful risk based consideration.

Heat Transfer Analysis of Storage Structures for PALTEM Maintenance Sheets

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong-Yuan Jou ◽  
Kuang-Chyi Lee ◽  
Hsin-Her Yu ◽  
I-Ju Lee ◽  
Chien-Chang Lin
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Heat Transfer Analysis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Storage Structures ◽  
Rayleigh Numbers ◽  
Steady Convection

Steady convection of air inside a storage enclosure for PALTEM maintenance sheets is investigated to evaluate the interior temperature distribution. Stream function-vorticity formulation is used to model the momentum and the energy transports in this 2D enclosure. Geometries of length-to-height aspect ratios of 2.5 and 5 are investigated. Temperature distributions for Rayleigh numbers in the laminar regime of 101 to 105 are explored for two different types of boundary conditions (type I and type II). These two types of boundary conditions have a practical importance especially in simulating the environment heating upon the storage structure. From the design viewpoint, type II conditions seem to be more proper to storage the maintenance sheets.

On the mass degeneracies in type I open superstring theory

1988 ◽  
Vol 214 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiko Tsuchiya
Keyword(s):  
Type I ◽  
Superstring Theory

scholarly journals Tachyon condensation in magnetic compactifications

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfried Buchmuller ◽  
Emilian Dudas ◽  
Yoshiyuki Tatsuta
Keyword(s):  
Ground State ◽  
Particle Physics ◽  
Tachyon Condensation ◽  
Quantum Corrections ◽  
Type I ◽  
Local Minima ◽  
Superstring Theory ◽  
Dual Version ◽  
Brane Models ◽  
Kaluza Klein

Abstract Intersecting D-brane models and their T-dual magnetic compactifications provide an attractive framework for particle physics, allowing for chiral fermions and supersymmetry breaking. Generically, magnetic compactifications have tachyons that are usually removed by Wilson lines. However, quantum corrections prevent local minima for Wilson lines. We therefore study tachyon condensation in the simplest case, the magnetic compactification of type I string theory on a torus to eight dimensions. We find that tachyon condensation restores supersymmetry, which is broken by the magnetic flux, and we compute the Kaluza-Klein mass spectrum. The gauge group SO(32) is broken to USp(16). We give arguments that the vacuum reached by tachyon condensation corresponds to the unique 8d superstring theory already known in the literature, with discrete Bab background or, in the T-dual version, the type IIB orientifold with three O7−-planes, one O7+-plane and eight D7-branes coincident with the O7+-plane. The ground state after tachyon condensation is supersymmetric and has no chiral fermions.

Five-point function in the covariant formulation of the type-I superstring theory

1987 ◽  
Vol 294 ◽  
pp. 83-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong-Heng Lin ◽  
Louis Clavelli ◽  
Stanley T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Type I ◽  
Covariant Formulation ◽  
Point Function ◽  
Superstring Theory

scholarly journals Numerical Investigation of Startup Instabilities in Parallel-Channel Natural Circulation Boiling Systems

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. Lakshmanan ◽  
Manmohan Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Flow Resistance ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Natural Circulation ◽  
Type I ◽  
Parallel Channel ◽  
Scaled Model ◽  
Flow Fluctuations ◽  
Channel Systems

The behaviour of a parallel-channel natural circulation boiling water reactor under a low-pressure low-power startup condition has been studied numerically (using RELAP5) and compared with its scaled model. The parallel-channel RELAP5 model is an extension of a single-channel model developed and validated with experimental results. Existence of in-phase and out-of-phase flashing instabilities in the parallel-channel systems is investigated through simulations under equal and unequal power boundary conditions in the channels. The effect of flow resistance on Type-I oscillations is explored. For nonidentical condition in the channels, the flow fluctuations in the parallel-channel systems are found to be out-of-phase.

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