scholarly journals On the gauge transformation for the rotation of the singular string in the Dirac monopole theory

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (03) ◽  
pp. 2150019
Author(s):  
Xiao-Yin Pan ◽  
Yin Chen ◽  
Yu-Qi Li ◽  
Aaron G. Kogan ◽  
Juhao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Transformation ◽  
Electric Charge ◽  
Smooth Function ◽  
Vector Potential ◽  
Magnetic Monopole ◽  
Quantization Condition ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Mechanical Interaction ◽  
Dirac Theory ◽  
Dirac Monopole

In the Dirac theory of the quantum-mechanical interaction of a magnetic monopole and an electric charge, the vector potential is singular from the origin to infinity along a certain direction — the so-called Dirac string. Imposing the famous quantization condition, the singular string attached to the monopole can be rotated arbitrarily by a gauge transformation, and hence is not physically observable. By deriving its analytical expression and analyzing its properties, we show that the gauge function [Formula: see text] which rotates the string to another one is a smooth function everywhere in space, except their respective strings. On the strings, [Formula: see text] is a multi-valued function. Consequently, some misunderstandings in the literature are clarified.

Magnetic monopole, vector potential and gauge transformation

1977 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 227-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ikeda ◽  
T. Kawai ◽  
H. Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Transformation ◽  
Vector Potential ◽  
Magnetic Monopole

scholarly journals MAGNETIC MONOPOLE AND THE FINITE PHOTON MASS: ARE THEY COMPATIBLE?

1996 ◽  
Vol 11 (35) ◽  
pp. 2735-2741 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. YU. IGNATIEV ◽  
G.C. JOSHI
Keyword(s):  
Angular Momentum ◽  
Gauge Invariance ◽  
Magnetic Monopole ◽  
Magnetic Charge ◽  
Quantization Condition ◽  
Photon Mass ◽  
Dirac Monopole ◽  
Massive Photon ◽  
Dirac Quantization ◽  
Angular Momentum Algebra

We analyze the role played by the gauge invariance for the existence of Dirac monopole. To this end, we consider the electrodynamics with massive photon and ask if the magnetic charge can be introduced there. We show that the derivation of the Dirac quantization condition based on the angular momentum algebra cannot be generalized to the case of massive electrodynamics. Possible implications of this result are briefly discussed.

Free energies of solvation with quantum mechanical interaction energies from classical mechanical simulations

1999 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 1329-1337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Wood ◽  
Eric M. Yezdimer ◽  
Shinichi Sakane ◽  
Jose A. Barriocanal ◽  
Douglas J. Doren
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Interaction Energies ◽  
Free Energies ◽  
Mechanical Interaction

Measurement of Neutrino's Magnetic Monopole Charge, Aether, Dark Energy and Cause of Quantum Mechanical Uncertainty

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eue Jin Jeong ◽  
Dennis Edmondson
Keyword(s):  
Particle Physics ◽  
Magnetic Monopole ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Weak Decay ◽  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Electron Neutrino ◽  
Logistic Distribution ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Elementary Particle Physics ◽  
The Universe

Abstract Charge conservation in the theory of elementary particle physics is one of the best-established principles in physics. As such, if there are magnetic monopoles in the universe, the magnetic charge will most likely be a conserved quantity like electric charges. If neutrinos are magnetic monopoles, as physicists have speculated the possibility, then neutrons must also have a magnetic monopole charge, and the Earth should show signs of having a magnetic monopole charge on a macroscopic scale. To test this hypothesis, experiments were performed to detect the magnetic monopole's effect near the equator by measuring the Earth's radial magnetic force using two balanced high strength neodymium rods magnets that successfully identified the magnetic monopole charge. From this observation, we conclude that at least the electron neutrino which is a byproduct of weak decay of the neutron must be magnetic monopole. We present mathematical expressions for the vacuum electric field based on the findings and discuss various physical consequences related to the symmetry in Maxwell's equations, the origin of quantum mechanical uncertainty, the medium for electromagnetic wave propagation in space, and the logistic distribution of the massive number of magnetic monopoles in the universe. We elaborate on how these seemingly unrelated mysteries in physics are intimately intertwined together around magnetic monopoles.

Theoretical study of NO3− interacting with carbon nanotube

Open Physics ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvete Guerini ◽  
David Azevedo ◽  
Maria Lima ◽  
Ivana Zanella ◽  
Josué Filho
Keyword(s):  
Density Functional ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Mechanical Interaction ◽  
Electronic Density ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Consistent Field ◽  
The Density Functional Theory ◽  
Self Consistent Field ◽  
Field Form

AbstractThis paper deals with quantum mechanical interaction of no 3− with (5,5) and (8,0) swcnts. To perform this we have made an ab initio calculation based on the density functional theory. In these framework the electronic density plays a central role and it was obtained of a self-consistent field form. It was observed through binding energy that NO3− molecule interacts with each nanotube in a physisorption regime. We propose these swcnts as a potential filter device due to reasonable interaction with NO3− molecule. Besides this type of filter could be reusable, therefore after the filtering, the swcnts could be separated from NO3− molecule.

Properties of a Set of Symmetric Maxwellian Equations

1988 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 684-686
Author(s):  
Pierre Guéret
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Monopole ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Planck Length ◽  
Coupling Term ◽  
Mechanical Coupling ◽  
Radial Limits ◽  
Relativistic Transformation ◽  
Dirac Electron

Abstract A set of fully symmetric maxwellian equations is proposed, with a quantum mechanical coupling term between matter and fields. Its relativistic transformation properties and conservation laws are presented. Dual, monopole-like solutions are described, which have properties consistent with those of the Dirac electron and magnetic monopole. The spatial extent of the monopole fields is proposed to be bound within two extreme radial limits rp and R0 such that α In (R0/rp) ≡ 1, where α ≃ 1/137 is the electromagnetic fine structure constant, yielding for the ratio R0/rp a very large number in the order of the ratio of the so-called universe radius to the Planck length.

Monopole charge quantization and the Aharonov–Bohm effect

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 737-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kunstatter
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Quantization Condition ◽  
Simple Derivation ◽  
Asymptotic Field ◽  
Dirac Monopole ◽  
Charge Quantization ◽  
Bohm Effect ◽  
Field Lines ◽  
Aharonov Bohm ◽  
Electrically Charged

We present a simple derivation of the Dirac monopole charge quantization condition, making explicit use of the Aharonov–Bohm effect. Since only the asymptotic field lines of the monopole play a crucial role, this derivation clearly shows that the quantization condition must hold unless the electrically charged particle and the monopole exchange new long-range forces. In particular, this implies that Cabrera's monopole event would be consistent with Fairbank's observations of free quarks only if the monopole carried long-range (unconfined) colour-magnetic fields.

The theoretical behaviour of a magnetic monopole in a wilson cloud chamber

1951 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 196-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. D. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Electric Charge ◽  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Magnetic Monopole ◽  
Ion Pairs ◽  
Magnetic Monopoles ◽  
Cloud Chamber ◽  
Heavy Particles ◽  
Α Particles

AbstractDirac has suggested that the quantization of electric charge could be explained by the existence of magnetic monopoles. In view of this hypothesis, this paper investigates what theoretically would be the behaviour of such monopoles in a Wilson cloud chamber. The treatment, which for simplicity is basically classical, closely follows Bohr's work on the decrease of velocity and ionization properties of α- and β-particles, and expressions are derived for the rate of decrease of energy and the number of ion-pairs produced per centimetre by a monopole passing through a gas. These expressions are then discussed with particular reference to the case of heavy particles, and the main differences between them and the corresponding expressions for α-particles both as to range and ionization are indicated; these differences can be summarized by saying that monopoles have much shorter paths, but create many more ion-pairs per centimetre than α-particles. Also, the very sharp increase in the ionization at the end of the path of an electric particle is missing, the ionization for the monopole decreasing to a small amount near the end of the path.

A quantum mechanical Interaction of human erythrocytes

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rowlands ◽  
L. S. Sewchand ◽  
E. G. Enns
Keyword(s):  
Brownian Motion ◽  
Membrane Potential ◽  
Vibrational Mode ◽  
Human Erythrocytes ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Mechanical Interaction ◽  
Macromolecular Transport ◽  
Enzyme Substrate ◽  
Normal Human

Theory predicts that the membrane potential will polarize membrane molecules and cause them to vibrate coherently at a frequency of ~ 1011 Hz. If the supply of metabolic energy exceeds a minimum value, membrane phonons may condense their momentum into a single "giant" vibrational mode. At 1011 Hz ionic screening is small up to distances of approximately a micrometre, so forces of a range several orders of magnitude longer than chemical forces can arise. These forces may be attractive or repulsive depending on frequency. They should occur in every metabolically active membrane and may control macromolecular transport and enzyme–substrate interactions. We find that normal human erythrocytes in plasma form rouleaux faster than Brownian motion predicts. When cells are fixed in glutaraldehyde or are metabolically depleted, or if the membrane potential is brought to zero, the rate of aggregation agrees with Brownian theory. When the metabolically depleted cells are revived or if the membrane potential is restored, then the interaction returns.

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