scholarly journals QUARKS AS TOPOLOGICAL DEFECTS — OR, WHAT IS CONFINED INSIDE A HADRON?

1993 ◽  
Vol 08 (31) ◽  
pp. 5575-5604 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. KOVNER ◽  
B. ROSENSTEIN
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Topological Charge ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
Topological Defects ◽  
Complex Scalar ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Effective Lagrangian ◽  
Local Complex ◽  
Complex Scalar Field ◽  
The One

We present a picture of confinement based on representation of constituent quarks as pointlike topological defects. The topological charge carried by quarks and confined in hadrons is explicitly constructed in terms of Yang-Mills variables. In 2+1 dimensions we are able to construct a local complex scalar field V(x), in terms of which the topological charge is [Formula: see text]. The VEV of the field V in the confining phase is nonzero and the charge is the winding number corresponding to homotopy group π1(S1). Quarks carry the charge Q and therefore are topological solitons. The phase rotation of V is generated by the operator of magnetic flux. Unlike in QED, the U(1) magnetic flux is explicitly broken by the monopoles. This results in formation of a string between a quark and an antiquark. The effective Lagrangian for V is derived in models with adjoint and fundamental quarks. This topological mechanism of confinement is basically different from the one proposed by ’t Hooft in which the elementary objects are linelike domain walls. A baryon is described as a Y-shaped configuration of strings. In 3+1 dimensions the explicit expression for V, and therefore a detailed picture, is not available. However, assuming the validity of the same mechanism we point out several interesting qualitative consequences.

DUALITY AND CONFINEMENT IN THREE DIMENSIONAL YANG-MILLS THEORY

1989 ◽  
Vol 04 (18) ◽  
pp. 4827-4843 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. ARAGÃO de CARVALHO ◽  
E. C. MARINO ◽  
G. C. MARQUES ◽  
M. GOLDMAN de CASTRO
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Complex Scalar ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Local Complex ◽  
Symmetry Phase ◽  
Complex Scalar Field ◽  
Operator Realization ◽  
Distance Properties ◽  
General Method

We exploit the order-disorder duality existing between the Wilson loop operator W(c) of an SU (N) Yang-Mills theory, and a local complex scalar field ϕ of a theory with global Z(N) symmetry in 2 + 1 dimensions, in order to establish a general method for the computation of the correlation functions of W(c) within the framework of the dual ϕ field theory. An explicit operator realization of W(c) in terms of ϕ is obtained. An effective dual Lagrangian, Lϕ, is proposed to account for the long distance properties of the theory. It is shown that, for N = 2, 3, 4, 5 this dual theory is always in a completely broken Z(N) symmetry phase. An explicit computation shows that for these values of N <W(c)> has an area type behavior for the whole range of the parameters, meaning that the static quarks will be permanently confined.

FINITE ENERGY ONE-HALF MONOPOLE SOLUTIONS

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (40) ◽  
pp. 1250233 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROSY TEH ◽  
BAN-LOONG NG ◽  
KHAI-MING WONG
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Topological Charge ◽  
Magnetic Monopole ◽  
Magnetic Charge ◽  
Finite Energy ◽  
Spatial Infinity ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
The Magnetic Field

We present finite energy SU(2) Yang–Mills–Higgs particles of one-half topological charge. The magnetic fields of these solutions at spatial infinity correspond to the magnetic field of a positive one-half magnetic monopole at the origin and a semi-infinite Dirac string on one-half of the z-axis carrying a magnetic flux of [Formula: see text] going into the origin. Hence the net magnetic charge is zero. The gauge potentials are singular along one-half of the z-axis, elsewhere they are regular.

Field models

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-69
Author(s):  
Iosif L. Buchbinder ◽  
Ilya L. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Scalar Field ◽  
Spinor Field ◽  
Vector Fields ◽  
Sigma Model ◽  
Complex Scalar ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Scalar Field Models ◽  
Complex Scalar Field ◽  
Mills Field

This chapter provides constructions of Lagrangians for various field models and discusses the basic properties of these models. Concrete examples of field models are constructed, including real and complex scalar field models, the sigma model, spinor field models and models of massless and massive free vector fields. In addition, the chapter discusses various interactions between fields, including the interactions of scalars and spinors with the electromagnetic field. A detailed discussion of the Yang-Mills field is given as well.

scholarly journals A General Method for Transforming Nonphysical Configurations in BPS States

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
J. R. L. Santos ◽  
A. de Souza Dutra ◽  
O. C. Winter ◽  
R. A. C. Correa
Keyword(s):  
Scalar Field ◽  
Condensed Matter ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Cosmological Parameters ◽  
Topological Defects ◽  
Scalar Fields ◽  
Complex Scalar ◽  
Complex Scalar Field ◽  
Bps States ◽  
General Method

In this work, we apply the so-called BPS method in order to obtain topological defects for a complex scalar field Lagrangian introduced by Trullinger and Subbaswamy. The BPS approach led us to compute new analytical solutions for this model. In our investigation, we found analytical configurations which satisfy the BPS first-order differential equations but do not obey the equations of motion of the model. Such defects were named nonphysical ones. In order to recover the physical meaning of these defects, we proposed a procedure which can transform them into BPS states of new scalar field models. The new models here founded were applied in the context of hybrid cosmological scenarios, where we derived cosmological parameters compatible with the observed Universe. Such a methodology opens a new window to connect different two scalar fields systems and can be implemented in several distinct applications such as Bloch Branes, Lorentz and Symmetry Breaking Scenarios, Q-Balls, Oscillons, Cosmological Contexts, and Condensed Matter Systems.

scholarly journals KINKS AND DOMAIN WALLS IN MODELS FOR REAL SCALAR FIELDS

2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 575-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. BAZEIA ◽  
A. S. INÁCIO ◽  
L. LOSANO
Keyword(s):  
High Energy Physics ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
Topological Defects ◽  
Scalar Fields ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Specific Model ◽  
Real Scalar ◽  
Thermal Investigations ◽  
Spatially Extended ◽  
The One

We investigate several models described by real scalar fields, searching for topological defects, and investigating their linear stability. We also find bosonic zero modes and examine the thermal corrections at the one-loop level. The classical investigations are of direct interest to high energy physics and to applications in condensed matter, in particular to spatially extended systems where fronts and interfaces separating different phase states may appear. The thermal investigations show that the finite temperature corrections that appear in a specific model induce a second-order phase transition in the system, although the thermal effects do not suffice to fully restore the symmetry at high temperature.

scholarly journals POTENTIAL ENERGY OF YANG–MILLS VORTICES IN THREE AND FOUR DIMENSIONS

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (25) ◽  
pp. 1725-1732 ◽  
Author(s):  
DMITRI DIAKONOV
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Flux ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Wilson Loop ◽  
Parallel Line ◽  
Vortex Center ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Loop Approximation ◽  
The One

We calculate the energy of a Yang–Mills vortex as function of its magnetic flux or as the Wilson loop surrounding the vortex center. The calculation is performed in the one-loop approximation. A parallel line with a potential as function of the Polyakov at nonzero temperatures is drawn. We find that quantized Z(2) vortices are dynamically preferred though vortices with arbitrary fluxes cannot be ruled out.

scholarly journals DARK MATTER AND COSMOLOGICAL QCD PHASE TRANSITION

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (25n28) ◽  
pp. 1971-1985
Author(s):  
W-Y. P. HWANG
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Dark Matter ◽  
Domain Walls ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Complex Scalar ◽  
Latent Energy ◽  
Qcd Phase Transition ◽  
Qcd Vacuum ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Complex Scalar Field

In this talk, we take the wisdom that the cosmological QCD phase transition, which happened at a time between 10−5 sec and 10−4 sec or at the temperature of about 150 MeV and accounts for confinement of quarks and gluons to within hadrons, would be of first order, i.e., would release latent "heat" or latent energy. I wish to base on two important points, i.e. (1) that we have 25% dark matter in the present Universe, and (2) that when the early universe underwent the cosmological QCD phase transition it released 1.02 × 10gm/cm3 in latent energy huge compared to 5.88 × 109 gm/cm3 radiation (photon) energy, to deduce that the two numbers are in fact closely related. It is sufficient to approximate the true QCD vacuum as one of degenerate θ-vacua and can be modelled effectively via a complex scalar field with spontaneous symmetry breaking. We examine how "pasted" or "patched" domain walls are formed, how such walls evolve in the long run, and we believe that the majority of dark matter could be accounted for in terms of such domain-wall structure and its remnants. The latent energy released due to the conversion of the false vacua to the true vacua, in the form of "pasted" or "patched" domain walls at first and their evolved objects, make it obsolete the "radiation-dominated" epoch or later on the "matter-dominated" epoch.

scholarly journals Gravitating Bubbles of Gluon Plasma above Deconfinement Temperature

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1668
Author(s):  
Yves Brihaye ◽  
Fabien Buisseret
Keyword(s):  
Scalar Field ◽  
Equation Of State ◽  
Gluon Plasma ◽  
Einstein Gravity ◽  
Spherically Symmetric ◽  
Boson Stars ◽  
Complex Scalar ◽  
Symmetric Potential ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Complex Scalar Field

The equation of state of SU(3) Yang–Mills theory can be modelled by an effective Z3−symmetric potential depending on the temperature and on a complex scalar field ϕ. Allowing ϕ to be dynamical opens the way to the study of spatially localized classical configurations of the scalar field. We first show that spherically symmetric static Q-balls exist in the range (1−1.21)×Tc, Tc being the deconfinement temperature. Then we argue that Q-holes solutions, if any, are unphysical within our framework. Finally, we couple our matter Lagrangian to Einstein gravity and show that spherically symmetric static boson stars exist in the same range of temperature. The Q-ball and boson-star solutions we find can be interpreted as “bubbles” of deconfined gluonic matter; their mean radius is always smaller than 10 fm.

The one-loop θ2 corrections of gauge boson propagator in the noncommutative scalar U(1) theory

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (34) ◽  
pp. 1450172
Author(s):  
Weijian Wang ◽  
Jia-Hui Huang
Keyword(s):  
Gauge Theory ◽  
Gauge Boson ◽  
Background Field ◽  
Field Method ◽  
Quantum Corrections ◽  
Complex Scalar ◽  
Boson Propagator ◽  
Complex Scalar Field ◽  
Background Field Method ◽  
The One

In this paper, the quantum corrections of gauge field propagator are investigated in the noncommutative (NC) scalar U(1) gauge theory with Seiberg–Witten map (SWM) method. We focus on the simplest case where the gauge boson couples with a massless complex scalar field. The one-loop divergent corrections at θ2-order are calculated using the background field method. It is found that the divergences can be absorbed by making field redefinitions, leading to a good renormalizability at θ2-order.

scholarly journals ONE-LOOP EFFECTIVE MULTIGLUON LAGRANGIAN IN ARBITRARY DIMENSIONS

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (28) ◽  
pp. 4457-4471 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. RODULFO ◽  
R. DELBOURGO
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Background Field ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Effective Lagrangian ◽  
Arbitrary Dimensions ◽  
Field Formalism ◽  
The One

We exhibit the one-loop multigluon effective Lagrangian in any dimension for a field theory with a quasilocal background, using the background-field formalism. Specific results, including counterterms (up to 12 space–time dimensions), have been derived, applied to the Yang–Mills theory and found to be in agreement with other string-inspired approaches.

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