BERNOULLI PARTITION-EQUIVALENCE OF INTERMITTENT NEURONAL DISCHARGE PATTERNS

1991 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 717-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAREN A. SELZ ◽  
ARNOLD J. MANDELL
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Lyapunov Exponent ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Interspike Intervals ◽  
Fair Coin ◽  
Longest Run ◽  
Binary Partition ◽  
Bernoulli Partition ◽  
Discharge Patterns ◽  
Range Of Values

The binary partition of the range of values for a series of interspike intervals necessary to generate the growth rate of the longest run equivalent to that observed in a Bernoulli, fair coin sequence was found to discriminate three classes of intermittently firing brain stem neurons more clearly than either the higher statistical moments or the leading Lyapunov exponent.

Discharge patterns in human motor units during fatiguing arm movements

1998 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 1684-1692 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Griffin ◽  
S. J. Garland ◽  
T. Ivanova
Keyword(s):  
Voluntary Movement ◽  
Motor Units ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Short Isis ◽  
Interspike Intervals ◽  
Triceps Brachii ◽  
Movement Initiation ◽  
Human Motor ◽  
Discharge Patterns ◽  
Human Motor Units

The purpose of this study was to determine whether short interspike intervals (ISIs of <20 ms) would occur naturally during voluntary movement and would increase in number with fatigue. Thirty-four triceps brachii motor units from nine subjects were assessed during a fatigue task consisting of fifty extension and fifty flexion elbow movements against a constant-load opposing extension. Nineteen motor units were recorded from the beginning of the fatigue task; the number of short ISIs was 7.1 ± 4.1% of the total number of ISIs in the first one-third of the task (unfatigued state). This value increased to 11.8 ± 5.9% for the last one-third of the task (fatigued state). Fifteen motor units were recruited during the fatigue task and discharged, with 16.4 ± 6.0% of short ISIs in the fatigued state. For all motor units, the number of short ISIs was positively correlated ( r 2 = 0.85) with the recruitment threshold torque. Short ISIs occurred most frequently at movement initiation but also occurred throughout the movement. These results document the presence of short ISIs during voluntary movement and their increase in number during fatigue.

Temperature-Growth Relations and Genetic Diversity of A2 Mating-Type Isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Australia

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
CJ Shepherd ◽  
BH Pratt
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Phytophthora Cinnamomi ◽  
Phytophthora Species ◽  
Temperature Growth ◽  
Field Isolates ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Cardinal Temperatures ◽  
Range Of Values

Determinations of cardinal temperatures for growth on various media of 50 Australian isolates of Phytophthova cinnamomi showed that growth did not occur outside the range 5-35°C. The range of temperatures at which growth optima occurred varied according to the isolate and medium used and encompassed the whole range of values reported by overseas authors. Growth rates of 361 isolates on corn meal agar at 25°C varied within the range 4.7-10.5 mm/day. There was no correlation between optimum temperature and whether isolates were slow- or fastgrowing or their place of origin. Fast-growing isolates (6-11 mm/day) were obtained from all States, but slower-growing isolates (<6 mm/day) were obtained only from southern and western regions of Australia. Populations from different regions of Australia exhibited different growth rate parameters. The variability of mycelial isolates in culture was studied by examining differences in growth rate among replicated parent, single-zoospore, single-zoosporangium and single terminal-hyphal isolates. Extensive variation was found among first generation single-zoospore progenies of field isolates, with lesser variation among progeny of single zoosporangia, terminal hyphal cultures and second and third generation zoospore derivatives. The origin of this variation is discussed and it is suggested that field isolates are heterokaryotic, since zoospores proved to be predominantly uninucleate. When various Phytophthora species were incubated at temperatures above those at which growth was possible and then returned to 25°C, their subsequent ability to resume growth depended on the particular time-temperature combination used. Considerable variation of response was found among a number of isolates of P. cinnamomi and, following the establishment of single zoospore isolates, the potential variability of field isolates was shown to persist through successive generations of zoospore propagation. It is suggested that a cytoplasmic mechanism of inheritance may be responsible for this variation.

Evaluation of the Growth Performance of Microalgae Based on Fine pH Changes

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Filali R ◽  
◽  
Tian H ◽  
Micheils E ◽  
Taidi B ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Microalgae Cultivation ◽  
Photoautotrophic Growth ◽  
Microalgae Culture ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Photosynthetic Microorganisms ◽  
Range Of Values

Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms with many potential applications in the food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and environmental industries. Currently, commercial microalgae production remains limited. Therefore, improving the growth and the culture density of the microalgae cultivation is one of the key enablers to open the way to mass production and commercialisation of these microorganisms. The effect of culture pH on the photoautotrophic growth of C. vulgaris over a large range of values has been investigated in pH-regulated cultures. For each microalgae culture, the specific growth rate, the cell density, the chlorophyll content, the intracellular carbon content and the nitrogen source consumption were monitored. Optimal growth and carbon incorporation have been observed at pH of 7.0. The fastest growth rate and highest biomass production of C. vulgaris were 0.074 h-1 and 0.896 g/L respectively. Under these conditions, a maximum carbon content of cells was 49 % (w/w).

How to Price a Share for Acquisition

1986 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malay Kanti Roy
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Target Firm ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Lower Limits ◽  
Range Of Values ◽  
Established Technique ◽  
A Share

Although take‐overs are becoming important means of diversification, there is no established technique which incorporates uncertainties involved and gives a range of values of a target firm which can form the basis for offering a price. Using a model of the firm's cash flows after acquisition, Malay Kanti Roy simulates the likely cash flow streams from the acquisition of India Cements for various values of the key variables such as growth rate and earnings before interest and taxes. He shows how such models and simulation analyses can help negotiators set upper and lower limits for a take-over bid.

scholarly journals Efisiensi Penggunaan Grey Water dan Air Hujan dalam Rangka Menurunkan Tingkat Penggunaan Air Baku

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Muhamad Yusup Hidayat ◽  
Ridwan Fauzi ◽  
Alfonsus Hasudungan Harianja ◽  
Grace Serepina Saragih
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Domestic Waste ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
The City ◽  
Range Of Values

ABSTRACTThe population growth rate in big cities such as Jakarta and its satellite cities has a correlation that is directly proportional to the level of clean water consumption. The biggest consumption of clean water is generally used for domestic household needs. However, the use of clean water is still not efficient. Therefore, the efficiency of water-saving needs to be carried out by utilizing sources that have not been optimally used, for example, greywater and rainwater. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of water usage in 3 (three) types of housing and the level of efficiency of utilization of domestic wastewater (greywater) and rainfall (CH) in reducing the use of clean water. This research was performed in the Villa Bintang Mas residential area in the City of South Tangerang, the Villa Bintang Mas residential area in the City of Depok, and the Selakopi Hijau/Forestry residential area in the City of Bogor. Data collection was conducted by a series of surveys using a questionnaire on the sample of a household. The results show that the data processing needs of clean water in three residentials range of values between ± 158.84 Liters/person/day up to ± 215.38 Liters/person/day. The level of efficiency of the utilization of greywater and rainwater in reducing the usage of clean water in three housing ranges from 21.12% to 58.47%.Keywords: Domestic Waste, the Use of Clean Water ABSTRAKTingkat pertumbuhan penduduk di kota-kota besar seperti jakarta dan kota-kota satelitnya memiliki korelasi yang berbanding lurus dengan tingkat konsumsi air bersih yang dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat. Konsumsi air bersih terbesar adalah untuk kebutuhan domestik rumah tangga. Penggunaan air bersih saat ini masih belum mengikuti kaidah efisiensi dalam penggunaannya, untuk itu efisiensi penghematan air perlu segera dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan sumber-sumber lain yang belum termanfaatkan, antara lain air limbah domestik rumah tangga (grey water) dan air hujan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui tingkat pemakaian air di 3 (tiga) tipe perumahan,serta tingkat efisiensi pemanfaatan air limbah domestik rumah tangga (grey water) serta curah hujan (CH) dalam menurunkan pemakaian air bersih. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Perumahan Villa Bintang Mas, Kota Tangerang Selatan, Perumahan Permata Depok, Kota Depok, dan Perumahan Selakopi Hijau/Kehutanan, Kota Bogor. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan cara survei menggunakan kuesioner pada rumah tangga yang menjadi sampel. Hasil pengolahan data memperlihatkan bahwa kebutuhan air bersih di tiga perumahan berkisar pada rentang nilai antara ±158,84 Liter/Orang/Hari sampai dengan ± 215.38 Liter/Orang/Hari. Tingkat efisiensi pemanfaatan grey water dan air hujan dalam mengurangi pemakaian air bersih di tiga perumahan berkisar antara 21,12% hingga 58,47%.Kata kunci: Limbah Domestik, Penggunaan Air Bersih 

Brain stem genesis of automatic ventilatory patterns independent of spinal mechanisms

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. M. St John ◽  
D. Bartlett ◽  
K. V. Knuth ◽  
J. C. Hwang
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Phrenic Nerve ◽  
Spinal Transection ◽  
O2 Partial Pressure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Inspiratory Activity ◽  
Discharge Patterns ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Cervical Level

Efferent activities on the phrenic and recurrent laryngeal (RLN) nerves were monitored during eupnea, apneusis, and gasping in decerebrate, paralyzed, and ventilated cats before and after spinal cord transection at the first cervical level. The vagi were sectioned caudal to the RLN being studied and at the midcervical level contralaterally. Before spinal transection, the onset of RLN inspiratory activity preceded that of the phrenic nerve during eupnea and apneusis; in gasping, phrenic activity began before the RLN. These results were the same in normocapnia, hypercapnia, and hypoxia. After spinal transection, no phasic phrenic activity was observed at normoxia or hyperoxia, whereas the RLN exhibited discharge patterns similar to those before transection. Upon end-tidal O2 partial pressure diminutions below 50 Torr, one or more "burst" of phrenic activity were recorded. These bursts were not synchronized with the phasic RLN discharge. It is concluded that automatic ventilatory activity may be generated by inherent brain stem mechanisms. These results further imply the processes underlying gasping neurogenesis may differ fundamentally from those of eupnea or apneusis.

scholarly journals Particle Motion and Chaos

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Zhenhua Zhou ◽  
Jian-Pin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Black Hole ◽  
Lyapunov Exponent ◽  
Particle Motion ◽  
Singular Potential ◽  
General Analysis ◽  
Repulsive Potential ◽  
Chaos Suppression ◽  
System A ◽  
Free Falling

In this note, we consider particle falling in the black hole with an additional potential. Following the proposal by Susskind (2018), we study the growth rate of the particle’s Rindler momentum, which corresponds to the growth rate of the operator size in the dual chaotic system. A general analysis near the horizon shows that the growth rate of the particle’s Rindler momentum of the particle falling with a regular potential is the same as that of the particle free falling, which saturates the chaos bound. However, when the potential is singular, the growth rate is suppressed such that it is below the Lyapunov exponent. It implies that the chaos suppression may be captured by an additional singular potential in the gravity side. We further explicitly study a particle falling in hyperscaling violating spacetime to confirm the general analysis results. Finally, we study the particle falling in AdS soliton geometry. It also exhibits a suppression of the growth of the Rindler momentum. It is attributed to that when the repulsive potential is introduced or the black hole horizon is absent, the particle is slowed down, and its trajectory seen by a comoving observer is timelike, which corresponds to a weak chaos system.

Brain stem neuronal types with activity patterns related to sympathetic nerve discharge

1981 ◽  
Vol 240 (5) ◽  
pp. R335-R347 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Barman ◽  
G. L. Gebber
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Eeg Activity ◽  
Spike Triggered Averaging ◽  
Neuronal Types ◽  
Discharge Patterns ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
Nerve Discharge

The relationships among the spontaneous activity of single neurons in the cat medulla and inferior cardiac sympathetic nerve discharge (SND), electroencephalogram (EEG) activity, phrenic nerve activity, and the R wave of the electrocardiogram were studied with the methods of spike-triggered averaging and postevent interval analysis. Three categories of neurons (SR, SE, and S) with activity patterns related to SND wee identified. The activity of SR units was related in time to SND and the R wave but not to EEG activity. SE unit discharges were related to SND and EEG activity but not to the R wave. S unit activity was related only to SND. Each of the three categories of neurons could be subdivided into two groups depending on whether their discharges were followed by an increase or a decrease in SND. All unit types exhibited respiratory-related discharge patterns. These data are discussed with regard to the problems associated with the identification of neurons in brain stem networks that govern the discharges of sympathetic nerves.

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