scholarly journals A family of formulas with reversal of high avoidability index

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (05) ◽  
pp. 477-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Currie ◽  
Lucas Mol ◽  
Narad Rampersad
Keyword(s):  
Simple Structure ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Infinite Family ◽  
Index Formula ◽  
The Family

We present an infinite family of formulas with reversal whose avoidability index is bounded between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], and we show that several members of the family have avoidability index [Formula: see text]. This family is particularly interesting due to its size and the simple structure of its members. For each [Formula: see text] there are several previously known avoidable formulas (without reversal) of avoidability index [Formula: see text] but they are small in number and they all have rather complex structure.

scholarly journals Methyl phenlactonoates are efficient strigolactone analogs with simple structure

2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (9) ◽  
pp. 2319-2331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Jamil ◽  
Boubacar A Kountche ◽  
Imran Haider ◽  
Xiujie Guo ◽  
Valentine O Ntui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Simple Structure ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Striga Hermonthica ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
New Class ◽  
Agricultural Applications

abstract Strigolactones (SLs) are a new class of phytohormones that also act as germination stimulants for root parasitic plants, such as Striga spp., and as branching factors for symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Sources for natural SLs are very limited. Hence, efficient and simple SL analogs are needed for elucidating SL-related biological processes as well as for agricultural applications. Based on the structure of the non-canonical SL methyl carlactonoate, we developed a new, easy to synthesize series of analogs, termed methyl phenlactonoates (MPs), evaluated their efficacy in exerting different SL functions, and determined their affinity for SL receptors from rice and Striga hermonthica. Most of the MPs showed considerable activity in regulating plant architecture, triggering leaf senescence, and inducing parasitic seed germination. Moreover, some MPs outperformed GR24, a widely used SL analog with a complex structure, in exerting particular SL functions, such as modulating Arabidopsis roots architecture and inhibiting rice tillering. Thus, MPs will help in elucidating the functions of SLs and are promising candidates for agricultural applications. Moreover, MPs demonstrate that slight structural modifications clearly impact the efficiency in exerting particular SL functions, indicating that structural diversity of natural SLs may mirror a functional specificity.

Nonlinear Analysis of Cable Net Structures Suspended from Arches with Block and Tackle Suspension System, Taking into Account the Friction of the Pulleys

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krisztián Hincz
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Static Analysis ◽  
Simple Structure ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Numerical Procedure ◽  
Suspension System ◽  
Dynamic Relaxation ◽  
Final State ◽  
The Stability ◽  
External Loads

A numerical procedure for the static analysis of arch-supported tensile structures with block and tackle suspension system is presented. The procedure, based on dynamic relaxation, is suitable for a structural analysis both in the prestressing process and in a final state under external loads. The friction between the pulley and its shaft is also taken into account in the analysis. After the introduction of the developed procedure, two structures are presented as examples. The analysis of a very simple structure validates the procedure, then the analysis of a more complex structure, an arch-supported cable net roof illustrates the stability and efficiency of the procedure.

scholarly journals Pericarp development in fruit of epiphytic cacti: implications for fruit classification and macro-morphology in the Cactaceae

Botany ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 621-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odair José Garcia de Almeida ◽  
Luiz Antonio de Souza ◽  
Adelita Aparecida Sartori Paoli ◽  
Arthur R. Davis ◽  
J. Hugo Cota-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Fruit Maturation ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
The Family ◽  
Dry Fruit

The family Cactaceae exhibits an assortment of fleshy and dry fruit types with various shapes dictated by the gynoecium outline and surrounding pericarpel. Consequently, conflicting terminology exists regarding cactus fruit classification because the fruit is a complex structure in which various floral parts participate in development. We examined fruit morphogenesis in four epiphytic cacti and provided a description of developmental events from post-anthesis to fruit maturation, which unveiled new structures valuable in fruit characterisation and taxonomy of the Hylocereeae and Rhipsalideae. Succinctly, the cactus fruit is a carpellar ovary embedded in a long-shoot (pericarpel). The pericarp originates from five components: internal ovarian epidermis that delimits the fruit locule, ovary (proper), collateral vascular bundles, pericarpel (receptacular origin), and external pericarpel epidermis. In addition, cell expansion and stored mucilage, a sticky substance involved in seed dispersal, occurs during fruit development. We propose the term cactidium, a complex fruit with accessory structures of pericarpellar origin surrounding the gynoecial boundary, to describe the cactus fruit. This term is appropriate because members of the Cactaceae bear unique traits, such as areoles in the reproductive structures (pericarpel), which may produce scale-leaves, bristles, and spines.

Universal Building Blocks

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-92
Author(s):  
Ron Harris
Keyword(s):  
Simple Structure ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Clear Pattern ◽  
Historical Evidence ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Family ◽  
Endogenous Institutions ◽  
Historical Origin ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
Organic As

This chapter argues that a number of precursor institutions of the long-distance trade organization developed locally, independently, and endemically in many different places along the Eurasian landmass. It shows that there is often no direct and clear evidence for the endogenous origins of institutions. The chapter also discusses the endemic appearance of an institution that does not have a clear pattern of migration but, together with its relatively simple structure, supports the identification of an endogenous institution. Endogenous institutions are often organic, as is the case with the itinerant trader or the family, or simple institutions that address basic functions, such as the loan, agency, or ship. They are to be found throughout Eurasia, and there is no historical evidence of a single historical origin for any of them or of a clear route of their migration.

From the Outside In

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Smith
Keyword(s):  
Positive Integer ◽  
Infinite Family ◽  
Open Problems ◽  
The Family

This chapter discusses Slothouber–Graatsma–Conway puzzle, which asks one to assemble six 1 × 2 × 2 pieces and three 1 × 1 × 1 pieces into the shape of a 3 × 3 × 3 cube. The puzzle has been generalized to larger cubes, and there is an infinite family of such puzzles. The chapter's primary argument is that, for any odd positive integer n = 2k + 1, there is exactly one way, up to symmetry, to make an n × n × n cube out of n tiny 1 × 1 × 1 cubes and six of each of a set of rectangular blocks. The chapter describes a way to solve each puzzle in the family and explains why there are no other solutions. It then presents several related open problems.

Research on a Model of Reverberation

2013 ◽  
Vol 321-324 ◽  
pp. 1117-1122
Author(s):  
Li Cai Zhang ◽  
Xiao Juan Tong
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Simple Structure ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Chebyshev Approximation ◽  
Comb Filter ◽  
Frequency Signal ◽  
High Frequency Signal ◽  
Low Pass ◽  
Absorption Characteristics ◽  
Approximation Criterion

Against defects of lacking consideration of air absorption characteristics to the high frequency signal in Schroeder reverberation model, and the more complex structure in Moorer reverberation model, use equiripple Chebyshev approximation criterion to design 4 FIR comb filter with low-pass characteristics and make the FIR filters in parallel, to get a pure parallel reverberation model. This reverberation model considers the absorption characteristics of air to the high-frequency signal, and has a more simple structure.

A New Roller Conveyor Driven by Linear Motor

2011 ◽  
Vol 201-203 ◽  
pp. 1517-1520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Sheng Zhao ◽  
Yun Zhen Wu
Keyword(s):  
Friction Force ◽  
Simple Structure ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Linear Motor ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Roller Conveyor ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Linear Motors ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
New Form

To solve technical problems of current roller conveyor, such as big volume, complex structure and heavy maintenance workload, a new roller conveyor has been researched by adopting advanced technology of three-phase A.C linear motor. It has no intermediate transmission units that exist in the conventional roller conveyor, and is a new form structure of the conveyor. The device consists mainly of rollers and linear motors. The roller serves as driving and load-bearing mechanism, and as the rotor of linear motor, too. In the process of operation, with rollers served as the carriers, the friction force between rollers and objects transmits the motion consummately to achieve the goal of transportation. This new conveyor can completely replace the current various types of roller conveyor with such features as simple structure, low failure rate and cost.

scholarly journals Perfect 2-Colorings of the Grassmann Graph of Planes

10.37236/8672 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefaan De Winter ◽  
Klaus Metsch
Keyword(s):  
Infinite Family ◽  
Grassmann Graph ◽  
The Family

We construct an infinite family of intriguing sets, or equivalently perfect 2-colorings, that are not tight in the Grassmann graph of planes of PG$(n,q)$, $n\ge 5$ odd, and show that the members of the family are the smallest possible examples if $n\ge 9$ or $q\ge 25$.

scholarly journals STRUCTURAL COMPLEXITY OF ARTIFICIAL HABITAT AND THE FEEDING SUCCESS OF PREDATORY DRAGONFLY AND DAMSELFLY

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khairuddin, Lalu Japa Dan Nur Lestari
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Complexity ◽  
Habitat Structure ◽  
Simple Structure ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Artificial Habitat ◽  
Artificial Habitats ◽  
Feeding Success ◽  
Structure Complexity

AbstractThe effect of different habitat complexity structure on the feeding success of predatoryDragonfly and Damselfly over the four of three hours trials was tested using an artificialhabitat complexity structure. Complexity of artificial habitat structure was performed usingwoody bamboo stick of 5 cm in length and 2 mm in diameter. The artificial habitats were setin plastic tank with length and wide of 17 cm and 11.5 cm, respectively and 5.5 cm high. Thedeep of water colom was about 4.5 cm. Preys were larvae of mosquitoes. There was highlysignificant of feeding success of predators in simple structure of habitats and significantenough in complex structure of habitats. In other words, feeding success of predatoryDragonfly and Damselfly was much higher in the simple habitats structure compared to thatof the complex one.Key Words : Artificial Habitat, Damselfly, Dragonfly, Feeding, and PredatoryAbstrakPengaruh kompleksitas struktur habitat terhadap keberhasilan pemangsaan predator Dragonflydan Damselfly selama empat kali tiga jam perlakuan diteliti di laboratorium menggunakanhabitat buatan. Kompleksitas struktur habitat dibuat dengan tongkat dari bambu berukuranpanjang 5 cm dengan diameter 2 mm. Habitat buatan dibuat di bak plastik berukuran panjangdan lebar masing-masing 17 cm dan 11,5 cm, dan tinggi 5,5 cm dengan kedalaman kolom airsekitar 4,5 cm. Larva nyamuk digunakan sebagai pangsa dalam penelitian ini. Setiapperlakuan terdiri dari dua ulangan. Setiap perlakuan berlangsung empat kali masing-masingselama tiga jam. Hasil memperlihatkan, keberhasilan pemangsaan Dragonfly dan Damselflysangat signifikan pada habitat stuktur sederhana, dan cukup signifikan pada habitat yangkompleks. Dengan kata lain, keberhasilan pemangsaan Dragonfly dan Damselfly jauh lebihtinggi pada habitat berstruktur sederhana dibanding dengan pada habitat berstrukturkompleks.Kata Kunci : Damselfly, Draggonfly, Habitat Buatan, Pemangsaan, Pemangsa (Predator)

Linear programming analysis of VA/Q distributions: average distribution

1987 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 1356-1362 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Kapitan ◽  
P. D. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Infinite Family ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Structural Detail ◽  
The Family ◽  
Single Exception ◽  
Average Distribution ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Programming Analysis ◽  
Ventilation Perfusion Ratio ◽  
Simple Average

The defining equations of the multiple inert gas elimination technique are underdetermined, and an infinite number of VA/Q ratio distributions exists that fit the same inert gas data. Conventional least-squares analysis with enforced smoothing chooses a single member of this infinite family whose features are assumed to be representative of the family as a whole. To test this assumption, the average of all ventilation-perfusion ratio (VA/Q) distributions that are compatible with given data was calculated using a linear program. The average distribution so obtained was then compared with that recovered using enforced smoothing. Six typical sets of inert gas data were studied. In all sets but one, the distribution recovered with conventional enforced smoothing closely matched the structure of the average distribution. The single exception was associated with the broad log-normal VA/Q distribution, which is rarely observed using the technique. We conclude that the VA/Q distribution conventionally recovered approximates a simple average of all compatible distributions. It therefore displays average features and only that degree of fine structural detail that is typical of the family as a whole.

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