REVIEW OF HIV MODELS: THE ROLE OF THE NATURAL IMMUNE RESPONSE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TREATMENT

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 (02) ◽  
pp. 123-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
REBECCA V. CULSHAW
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Optimal Treatment ◽  
Minimal Cost ◽  
Treatment Scenario ◽  
Forcing Function ◽  
Drug Regimens ◽  
Differential Equations Models ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

We present a review and comparison of several recent differential equations models of treatment of HIV-1 infection. We seek to clarify the role of the natural anti-HIV immune response and determine its effect upon optimal treatment schemes. In this paper, we consider systems in which treatment is expressed as a forcing function, as well as those in which we determine optimal treatment via control theoretic techniques. The primary goal of this study is to compare treatment schemes for systems in which a natural nonconstant immune response of the patient is considered explicitly with those that consider implicitly a constant non-specific immune response. We find that when the natural immune response can be boosted sufficiently, drug levels may not need to be as high as previously supposed. This implies that a treatment scenario in which intervals of drug treatment are alternated with some form of immune-boosting therapy may be highly beneficial in terms of reducing toxicity to the patient. Additionally, in developing countries where HIV infection is widespread and sufficient funds are not available to supply rigourous drug regimens, the implications of these models are profound, as they suggest methods of treating HIV at a minimal cost.

scholarly journals Role of Complement Receptors (CRs) on DCs in Anti-HIV-1 Immunity

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfried Posch ◽  
Marta Bermejo-Jambrina ◽  
Cornelia Lass-Flörl ◽  
Doris Wilflingseder
Keyword(s):  
Complement Receptors ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals The critical role of human transcriptional repressor CTCF mRNA up-regulation in the induction of anti-HIV-1 responses in CD4+ T cells

2008 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuchang Li ◽  
Guanhua Li ◽  
Anna Ivanova ◽  
Sagiv Aaron ◽  
Malgorzata Simm
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cd4 T Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Transcriptional Repressor ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals The role of the glycosyl moiety of myricetin derivatives in anti-HIV-1 activity in vitro

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph T. Ortega ◽  
Alirica I. Suárez ◽  
Maria L. Serrano ◽  
Jani Baptista ◽  
Flor H. Pujol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

Mother to child transmission of HIV-1 in a Thai population: Role of virus characteristics and maternal humoral immune response

2009 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 768-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chonticha Kittinunvorakoon ◽  
Mary Kate Morris ◽  
Kanchana Neeyapun ◽  
Bongkoch Jetsawang ◽  
Gertrude C. Buehring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Thai Population ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Hiv 1

Role of the M2 Subunit of Ribonucleotide Reductase in Regulation by Hydroxyurea of the Activity of the Anti-HIV-1 Agent 2′,3′-Dideoxyinosine

1998 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Yi Gao ◽  
Bing-Sen Zhou ◽  
David G Johns ◽  
Hiroaki Mitsuya ◽  
Yun Yen
Keyword(s):  
Ribonucleotide Reductase ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Role of MxB in Alpha Interferon-Mediated Inhibition of HIV-1 Infection

2018 ◽  
Vol 92 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Xu ◽  
Qinghua Pan ◽  
Chen Liang
Keyword(s):  
G Protein ◽  
Transmembrane Protein ◽  
Alpha Interferon ◽  
Wild Type Virus ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACTType I interferon inhibits viruses through inducing the expression of antiviral proteins, including the myxovirus resistance (Mx) proteins. Compared to the human MxA protein, which inhibits a wide range of viruses, the MxB protein has been reported to specifically inhibit primate lentiviruses, including HIV-1, and herpesviruses. Further, the role of endogenous MxB in alpha interferon-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 infection was questioned by a recent study showing that MxB knockout did not increase the level of infection by HIV-1 which carried the G protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), allowing infection of CD4-negative HT1080 cells. In order to further examine the anti-HIV-1 activity of endogenous MxB, we have used CRISPR/Cas9 to deplete MxB in different cell lines and observed a substantial restoration of HIV-1 infection in the presence of alpha interferon treatment. However, this rescue effect of MxB knockout became much less pronounced when infection was performed with HIV-1 carrying the VSV G protein. Interestingly, a CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screen of alpha interferon-stimulated genes in U87-MG cells revealed that the genes for interferon-induced transmembrane protein 2 (IFITM2) and IFITM3 inhibited VSV G-pseudotyped HIV-1 much more strongly than the rest of the genes tested, including the gene for MxB. Therefore, our results demonstrate the importance of MxB in alpha interferon-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 infection, which, however, can be underestimated if infection is performed with VSV G protein-pseudotyped HIV-1, due to the high sensitivity of VSV G-mediated infection to inhibition by IFITM proteins.IMPORTANCEThe results of this study reconcile the controversial reports regarding the anti-HIV-1 function of alpha interferon-induced MxB protein. In addition to the different cell types that may have contributed to the different observations, our data also suggest that VSV G protein-pseudotyped HIV-1 is much less inhibited by alpha interferon-induced MxB than HIV-1 itself is. Our results clearly demonstrate an important contribution of MxB to alpha interferon-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 in CD4+T cells, which calls for using HIV-1 target cells and wild-type virus to test the relevance of the anti-HIV-1 activity of endogenous MxB and other restriction factors.

scholarly journals Dual role of α-defensin-1 in anti–HIV-1 innate immunity

2005 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 765-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa L. Chang ◽  
Jesus Vargas ◽  
Armando DelPortillo ◽  
Mary E. Klotman
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Dual Role ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals Insight in miRNome of Long-Term Non-Progressors and Elite Controllers Exposes Potential RNAi Role in Restraining HIV-1 Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2452
Author(s):  
Rubén Ayala-Suárez ◽  
Francisco Díez-Fuertes ◽  
Esther Calonge ◽  
Humberto Erick De La Torre Tarazona ◽  
María Gracia-Ruíz de Alda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Elite Controllers ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Extreme Phenotypes ◽  
Blood Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

Long-term non-progressors (LTNP) and elite controllers (EC) represent spontaneous natural models of efficient HIV-1 response in the absence of treatment. The main purposes of this work are to describe the miRNome of HIV-1 infected patients with different extreme phenotypes and identify potentially altered pathways regulated by differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs. The miRNomes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of dual phenotype EC-LTNP or LTNP with detectable viremia and HIV-infected patients with typical progression before and after treatment, were obtained through miRNA-Seq and compared among them. The administration of treatment produces 18 DE miRNAs in typical progressors. LTNP condition shows 14 DE miRNA when compared to typical progressors, allowing LTNP phenotype differentiation. A set of four miRNAs: miR-144-3p, miR-18a-5p, miR-451a, and miR-324 is strongly downregulated in LTNP and related to protein regulation as AKT, mTOR, ERK or IKK, involved in immune response pathways. Deregulation of 28 miRNA is observed between EC-LTNP and viremic-LTNP, including previously described anti-HIV miRNAs: miR-29a, associated with LTNP phenotype, and miR-155, targeting different pre-integration complexes such as ADAM10 and TNPO3. A holistic perspective of the changes observed in the miRNome of patients with different phenotypes of HIV-control and non-progression is provided.

Therapeutic vaccination against HIV: current progress and future possibilities

2005 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah L. Puls ◽  
Sean Emery
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccine ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Therapeutic Vaccination ◽  
Expensive Drug ◽  
Drug Regimens ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

Although effective in reducing mortality, current antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection involves complex and expensive drug regimens that are toxic and difficult to take. Eradication of HIV reservoirs is not possible with existing therapies. The concept of therapeutic vaccination has been investigated to increase the potency and breadth of anti-HIV immune responses in order to delay or reduce antiretroviral therapy use. A variety of approaches targeted to both cell- and antibody-mediated immunity have been developed, including whole inactivated HIV-1, protein subunits and synthetic peptides, DNA vaccines and a number of viral vectors expressing HIV-1. These investigations have occurred in the absence of a clear understanding of disease pathogenesis or the correlates of protective immunity. At this time, there is no licensed therapeutic vaccine for any viral disease, including HIV; however, this review will consider recent progress in the field and summarize the challenges faced in the development of a therapeutic HIV vaccine.

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