DENDRITIC BRANCHING PATTERNS OF PYRAMIDAL CELLS IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OF THE NEW WORLD MARMOSET MONKEY, WITH COMPARATIVE NOTES ON THE OLD WORLD MACAQUE MONKEY

Fractals ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. 297-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUY N. ELSTON ◽  
HERBERT F. JELINEK
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Fractal Dimensions ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Marmoset Monkey ◽  
Dendritic Arbors

The basal dendritic arbors of 442 supragranular pyramidal cells in visual cortex of the marmoset monkey were compared by fractal analyses. As detailed in a previous study,1 individual cells were injected with Lucifer Yellow and processed for a DAB reaction product. The basal dendritic arbors were drawn, in the tangential plane, and the fractal dimension (D) determined by the dilation method. The fractal dimensions were compared between cells in ten cortical areas containing cells involved in visual processing, including the primary visual area (V1), the second visual area (V2), the dorsoanterior area (DA), the dorsomedial area (DM), the dorsolateral area (DL), the middle temporal area (MT), the posterior parietal area (PP), the fundus of the superior temporal area (FST) and the caudal and rostral subdivisions of inferotemporal cortex (ITc and ITr, respectively). Of 45 pairwise interareal comparisons of the fractal dimension of neurones, 20 were significantly different. Moreover, comparison of data according to previously published visual processing pathways revealed a trend for cells with greater fractal dimensions in "higher" cortical areas. Comparison of the present results with those in homologous cortical areas in the macaque monkey2 revealed some similarities between the two species. The similarity in the trends of D values of cells in both species may reflect developmental features which result in different functional attributes.

PYRAMIDAL NEURONES IN MACAQUE VISUAL CORTEX: INTERAREAL PHENOTYPIC VARIATION OF DENDRITIC BRANCHING PATTERNS

Fractals ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. 287-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
HERBERT F. JELINEK ◽  
GUY N. ELSTON
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimensions ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Visual Area ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Area V2 ◽  
Fractal Analyses ◽  
Branching Patterns ◽  
Dendritic Branching ◽  
Dendritic Arbors ◽  
Extrastriate Areas

The basal dendritic arbors of over 500-layer III pyramidal neurones of the macaque cortex were compared by fractal analyses, which provides a measure of the space filling (or branching pattern) of dendritic arbors. Fractal values (D) of individual cells were compared between the cytochrome oxidase (CO)-rich blobs and CO-poor interblobs of middle and upper layer III, and between sublaminae, in the primary visual area (V1). These data were compared with those in the CO compartments in the second visual area (V2), and seven other extrastriate cortical areas (V4, MT, LIP, 7a, TEO, TE and STP). There were significant differences in the fractal dimensions, and therefore the dendritic branching patterns, of cells in striate and extrastriate areas. Of the 55 possible pairwise comparisons of fractal dimension of neurones in different cortical areas (or CO compartments), 39 proved to be significantly different. The markedly different morphologies of pyramidal cells in the different cortical areas may be one of the features that determine the functional signatures of these cells by influencing the number of inputs received by, and propagation of potentials through, their dendritic arbors.

On oscillating neuronal responses in the visual cortex of the monkey

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1464-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Young ◽  
K. Tanaka ◽  
S. Yamane
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
Power Spectra ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
Gabor Functions ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Behaving Monkeys

1. Recent studies of visual processing in the cat have shown stimulus-related oscillations in the 30- to 70-Hz range. We sought to replicate these findings in the monkey. 2. We recorded multiunit activity (MUA) and local field potentials (LFP) in areas V1 and middle-temporal area (MT), and MUA from the inferotemporal cortex (IT) of monkeys (Macaca fuscata). Recordings in all areas were made under conditions of anesthesia as close as possible to those in previous studies of oscillating responses in the cat. In addition, we recorded MUA in the IT of behaving monkeys while the monkeys performed a face discrimination task. 3. In areas V1 and MT, LFP power spectra showed broadband increases (1-100 Hz) in amplitude on stimulation by swept optimally oriented light bars, and not a shift in power from low to midfrequency, as has been reported in the cat. 4. MUA autocorrelograms (ACGs) classified by fitting Gabor functions, showed oscillations at approximately 10% of recording sites in V1 and MT, but these oscillations were in the alpha range (12-13 Hz). 5. MUA ACGs from IT in the anesthetized monkey showed no oscillations. 6. For MUA ACGs from IT in the behaving monkey, only two recording sites (out of 50) showed an oscillating response, with frequencies of 44 and 48 Hz. One oscillating response was associated with stimulation, and the other was associated with the absence of stimulation. 7. The very low incidence in the monkey of oscillating responses in the 30- to 70-Hz range (2 in 424 recordings made at 142 recording sites) and the absence of stimulus dependence suggest that such oscillations are unlikely to serve a function in the monkey, and that there may be a species difference between monkey and cat in the dynamics of neural activity in the visual cortex. 8. We found that methods of classifying responses as oscillating used in some of the studies of the cat may have led to overestimation of both the number of sites showing oscillation and the number of pairs of sites showing phase coherence. These problems arise from the failure to take account of badness of fit between Gabor functions and their corresponding ACGs, and from Gabor functions "ringing" in response to short phasic phenomena that could be consistent with nonoscillatory activity.

scholarly journals Resolving the organization of the third tier visual cortex in primates: A hypothesis-based approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALESSANDRA ANGELUCCI ◽  
MARCELLO G.P. ROSA
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
New World ◽  
Dorsal Stream ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
New World Monkeys ◽  
New World Primates ◽  
Developmental Context ◽  
The Third

AbstractAs highlighted by several contributions to this special issue, there is still ongoing debate about the number, exact location, and boundaries of the visual areas located in cortex immediately rostral to the second visual area (V2), i.e., the “third tier” visual cortex, in primates. In this review, we provide a historical overview of the main ideas that have led to four models of third tier cortex organization, which are at the center of today's debate. We formulate specific predictions of these models, and compare these predictions with experimental evidence obtained primarily in New World primates. From this analysis, we conclude that only one of these models (the “multiple-areas” model) can accommodate the breadth of available experimental evidence. According to this model, most of the third tier cortex in New World primates is occupied by two distinct areas, both representing the full contralateral visual quadrant: the dorsomedial area (DM), restricted to the dorsal half of the third visual complex, and the ventrolateral posterior area (VLP), occupying its ventral half and a substantial fraction of its dorsal half. DM belongs to the dorsal stream of visual processing, and overlaps with macaque parietooccipital (PO) area (or V6), whereas VLP belongs to the ventral stream and overlaps considerably with area V3 proposed by others. In contrast, there is substantial evidence that is inconsistent with the concept of a single elongated area V3 lining much of V2. We also review the experimental evidence from macaque monkey and humans, and propose that, once the data are interpreted within an evolutionary-developmental context, these species share a homologous (but not necessarily identical) organization of the third tier cortex as that observed in New World monkeys. Finally, we identify outstanding issues, and propose experiments to resolve them, highlighting in particular the need for more extensive, hypothesis-driven investigations in macaque and humans.

FRACTAL ANALYSIS OF PYRAMIDAL CELLS IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OF THE GALAGO (OTOLEMUR GARNETTI): REGIONAL VARIATION IN DENDRITIC BRANCHING PATTERNS BETWEEN VISUAL AREAS

Fractals ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRENDAN ZIETSCH ◽  
GUY N. ELSTON
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Visual Area ◽  
Spectral Processing ◽  
Visual Stream ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
Area V2 ◽  
Branching Patterns ◽  
Dendritic Branching

Previously it has been shown that the branching pattern of pyramidal cells varies markedly between different cortical areas in simian primates. These differences are thought to influence the functional complexity of the cells. In particular, there is a progressive increase in the fractal dimension of pyramidal cells with anterior progression through cortical areas in the occipitotemporal (OT) visual stream, including the primary visual area (V1), the second visual area (V2), the dorsolateral area (DL, corresponding to the fourth visual area) and inferotemporal cortex (IT). However, there are as yet no data on the fractal dimension of these neurons in prosimian primates. Here we focused on the nocturnal prosimian galago (Otolemur garnetti). The fractal dimension (D), and aspect ratio (a measure of branching symmetry), was determined for 111 layer III pyramidal cells in V1, V2, DL and IT. We found, as in simian primates, that the fractal dimension of neurons increased with anterior progression from V1 through V2, DL, and IT. Two important conclusions can be drawn from these results: (1) the trend for increasing branching complexity with anterior progression through OT areas was likely to be present in a common primate ancestor, and (2) specialization in neuron structure more likely facilitates object recognition than spectral processing.

AMPA GluR2 subunit is differentially distributed on GABAergic neurons and pyramidal cells in the macaque monkey visual cortex

2001 ◽  
Vol 921 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 60-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong He ◽  
Patrick R Hof ◽  
William G.M Janssen ◽  
Prabhakar Vissavajjhala ◽  
John H Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
Gabaergic Neurons ◽  
Monkey Visual Cortex

DENDRITIC BRANCHING OF PYRAMIDAL CELLS IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OF THE NOCTURNAL OWL MONKEY: A FRACTAL ANALYSIS

Fractals ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (04) ◽  
pp. 391-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
HERBERT F. JELINEK ◽  
GUY N. ELSTON
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Pyramidal Cell ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Visual Area ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Color Processing ◽  
Dendritic Branching ◽  
Owl Monkey

The branching structure of neurones is thought to influence patterns of connectivity and how inputs are integrated within the arbor. Recent studies have revealed a remarkable degree of variation in the branching structure of pyramidal cells in the cerebral cortex of diurnal primates, suggesting regional specialization in neuronal function. Such specialization in pyramidal cell structure may be important for various aspects of visual function, such as object recognition and color processing. To better understand the functional role of regional variation in the pyramidal cell phenotype in visual processing, we determined the complexity of the dendritic branching pattern of pyramidal cells in visual cortex of the nocturnal New World owl monkey. We used the fractal dilation method to quantify the branching structure of pyramidal cells in the primary visual area (V1), the second visual area (V2) and the caudal and rostral subdivisions of inferotemporal cortex (ITc and ITr, respectively), which are often associated with color processing. We found that, as in diurnal monkeys, there was a trend for cells of increasing fractal dimension with progression through these cortical areas. The increasing complexity paralleled a trend for increasing symmetry. That we found a similar trend in both diurnal and nocturnal monkeys suggests that it was a feature of a common anthropoid ancestor.

Bistratified distribution of terminal arbors of individual axons projecting from area V1 to middle temporal area (MT) in the macaque monkey

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen S. Rockland
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
Fiber System ◽  
Area Mt ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Processing Channel ◽  
Anterograde Tracer

AbstractIn the present study, the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin was injected into area V1 in order to demonstrate the detailed morphology of individual axons terminating in prestriate area MT. On the basis of 24 axon reconstructions, several representative (but not necessarily comprehensive) characteristics have been identified: (1) Most axons arborize in a patchy manner over a widespread territory, frequently greater than 1.0 mm and often up to 1.5 × 1.8 mm (dimensions uncorrected for shrinkage). (2) Terminal arbors are distributed to layers 3, 4, and 6. Those in layer 6 need not be in register with those in the upper layers. (3) Number and size of terminal arbors are variable. One axon may have 1–4 arbors in the middle layers; typically at least one of these will have a diameter of 200–250 µm, while the others may be less developed. There are from 1–3 arbors in layer 6, usually 50 µm (but sometimes up to 100 µm) in diameter. (4) Terminal boutons are of mixed morphology, but usually beaded and large (up to 3.0 µm). (5) In the white matter, many axons travel in the external sagittal stratum but some are part of the U-fiber system. Axons commonly branch, sometimes at depths up to 0.75–1.0 mm, below the gray matter of MT. In summary, these axons are not stereotyped, but rather vary in the number and size of their terminal arbors, as well as in their branching and overall geometry.Connections from area V1 to MT have been associated with the magnocellular-dominated “processing channel.” As widespread arborizations and bistratified terminations are common to both striate axons in MT and to geniculocortical axons in layer 4Cα of primary visual cortex, these features might be correlated with magnocellular-specific processing requirements.

FRACTAL DIMENSION, PRIMES, AND THE PERSISTENCE OF MEMORY

2003 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 241-249
Author(s):  
JOSEPH L. PE
Keyword(s):  
Number Theory ◽  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Fractal Dimensions ◽  
Distinguishing Characteristic ◽  
Local Behavior ◽  
Remarkable Similarity ◽  
Recursive Procedures

Many sequences from number theory, such as the primes, are defined by recursive procedures, often leading to complex local behavior, but also to graphical similarity on different scales — a property that can be analyzed by fractal dimension. This paper computes sample fractal dimensions from the graphs of some number-theoretic functions. It argues for the usefulness of empirical fractal dimension as a distinguishing characteristic of the graph. Also, it notes a remarkable similarity between two apparently unrelated sequences: the persistence of a number, and the memory of a prime. This similarity is quantified using fractal dimension.

scholarly journals Supramolecular Fractal Growth of Self-Assembled Fibrillar Networks

Gels ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Pedram Nasr ◽  
Hannah Leung ◽  
France-Isabelle Auzanneau ◽  
Michael A. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Crystallization Temperature ◽  
Cayley Tree ◽  
Fractal Dimensions ◽  
Self Similarity ◽  
Avrami Model ◽  
Cluster Aggregation ◽  
Box Counting ◽  
Self Assembled ◽  
Limited Diffusion

Complex morphologies, as is the case in self-assembled fibrillar networks (SAFiNs) of 1,3:2,4-Dibenzylidene sorbitol (DBS), are often characterized by their Fractal dimension and not Euclidean. Self-similarity presents for DBS-polyethylene glycol (PEG) SAFiNs in the Cayley Tree branching pattern, similar box-counting fractal dimensions across length scales, and fractals derived from the Avrami model. Irrespective of the crystallization temperature, fractal values corresponded to limited diffusion aggregation and not ballistic particle–cluster aggregation. Additionally, the fractal dimension of the SAFiN was affected more by changes in solvent viscosity (e.g., PEG200 compared to PEG600) than crystallization temperature. Most surprising was the evidence of Cayley branching not only for the radial fibers within the spherulitic but also on the fiber surfaces.

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