THE NEED FOR INTERMEDIATE SUPPORT-STRUCTURES FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN TRANSITIONAL ECONOMIES

1997 ◽  
Vol 05 (01) ◽  
pp. 13-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTON T. KRUFT ◽  
ANDREA SOFROVA
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Support Structures ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Weak Support ◽  
Economies In Transition ◽  
Intermediate Support ◽  
Research Organisations

In economies in transition, the newly emerging private sector lacks professional, financial, and economic structure provided by ministries and government agencies to state-owned enterprises. In mature market economies, the small and medium-size enterprise (SME) sector has been acknowledged as being the backbone of the economy. Research on the European Union reveals that the success of entrepreneurship depends on a conducive climate which includes intermediate support structures, such as branch/sectoral organisations, specialised SME research organisations, business advisory centres, innovation centres, employers' organisations, etc. The experience from the economies in transition in Central and Eastern Europe shows that the entrepreneurs suffer from weak support of financial, management, environment and trade services. In order to develop a healthy SME sector, a favourable environment should be created and supporting intermediate structures established. Such support organisations should, in addition, bridge the gap between government agencies and the private sector.

Study on reasons of Failure of Small and Medium Enterprises: Looking into Egypt case

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Hazem Hanbal ◽  
◽  
Saad Metawa ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Small Business ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Small Business Administration ◽  
Business Failure ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
The Government

Globally, Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) are considered the main contributors to economic activities. In the European Union, SMEs account for around 67 percent of the overall employment by the private sector and were considered the cushion that protected the economy during the recent financial crisis in 2008 [2]. While in the USA, and according to the Small Business Administration and Small Business House, SMEs are responsible for more than half of the private sector non-farm GDP of the nation. In the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, a recent study by the World Bank revealed that SMEs employ around 40 percent of the workforce in the formal sector (non-agriculture). This number would increase if the informal sector were included. Generally, SMEs are seen as the potential for economic development and a significant source for jobs creation, especially when looking into developing countries. In Egypt, with the declining role of the government being the primary employer until the nineties of last century, and the private sector taking over this role, and the fact that SMEs are the significant portion of the private sector, it is significantly essential to support SMEs for the creation of new jobs, and overall social stability. Constrains facing SMEs are many and are usually different from those facing large businesses. It is also observed that rates of business failure within SMEs are generally higher than with large corporates. This paper aims to seek to identify the reasons behind the failure of SMEs, with a look into the Egyptian and Middle East situations.

What has the state got to do with the venture capital market?

2003 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Karsai
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Venture Capital ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
The State ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Capital Financing

Since the development of young companies with a good growth potential can also be expected to boost economic growth, reduce unemployment and enhance competitiveness, economic policy makers consider it a matter of prime importance that the venture capital industry provide appropriate capital supply for their development. Many countries implement central programmes to promote the venture capital financing of the development of enterprises that would have no access to venture capital on a purely market basis. The experience in Hungary is that state intervention in the venture capital industry mainly has political reasons, it uses budgetary sources sparingly and it is isolated from the private sector. But for its almost complete inefficiency, state activity would have softened the conditions of competition, crowded out the private sector and given preferential treatment to the political clientele. Realizing the abortive nature of its intervention, the state made no effort to identify the causes of failure and the role of supply and demand factors, respectively, hindering the venture capital supply of the small and medium-size enterprise (SME) sector. The intervention practice chosen by the state most recently is contrary to the practice of the European Union in several respects — a circumstance dooming government measures to boost the venture capital industry to failure again.

How Worker Centers Organize Low-Wage Workers: An Exploration of Targets and Strategies

2021 ◽  
pp. 0160449X2198942
Author(s):  
Jessica Garrick
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Progressive Era ◽  
Service Provision ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Worker Centers ◽  
Center Staff ◽  
Community Based Organizations ◽  
Worker Center

In response to the growing absence of unions from the private sector, community-based organizations known as worker centers have emerged as a new front in protecting and organizing workers. Scholars generally argue that worker centers have converged on a model of combining service provision with organizing and advocacy, supported primarily by funding from foundations and government agencies. I draw on interviews conducted with worker center staff, a dataset compiled from their public materials, and secondary research to add to the existing literature and to argue that a clear categorization of worker centers can be derived by attention to their primary workplace strategies. First, worker centers can be meaningfully distinguished by whether they attempt to raise standards in specific industries versus responding to problems in individual workplaces. But they can also be distinguished based on the extent to which they view public policy or winning agreements with employers as the primary route to systemic improvements. These divergences in strategy echo Progressive-era debates about the role for the state in redressing workplace ills. Similar to that era, strategic differences among today’s worker centers are driven less by ideology and more by the distinct structural challenges facing workers in particular political and economic contexts.

A comparative Study in the Role of Private Sector in Relationships Analysis between Economic Sustainability and COVID-19: Evidence from Iraq and Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Hazim Altameemi ◽  
Hakeem Hammood Flayyih
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Financial Leverage ◽  
Recovery Strategies ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
Twin Crisis ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Global Health Problem

The study is designed to investigate the effect of the twin crisis on the private sector and national outlook of the oil dependent nations of Iraq and Russia. It is specifically aimed to evaluate and compare the recovery strategies put in place to survive the small and medium size enterprise. It is also of specific concern to estimate the end to pressure on this sector resulting from the global health problem. Descriptive and comparative research methods forms the central analytical tools employed to synthesis the research dilemma. A year sample t-test is used to compare the level of pressure on the private sector, recovery strategies, it results, performance of other sectors and macroeconomic performance proxies. As members of Organization of Petroleum Export Countries, Iraq and Russia private sector under performed in 2020. The t-statistic results confirm no significant mean difference in the effect of the 2020 twin crisis on private sector of both nations. However, the findings noted COVID-19 rules abiding (high stringency index) and financial leverage aim to support the agro-sector as the Iraqi economy resilient strategies. Russia though with increase financial leverage, focuses on vaccine production and distribution. It is for this reason that the t-statistic noted a significant different in recovery/infected between both nations. Russia should endeavor to improve its stringency index while furthering its vaccination efforts. Iraq needs to engage more vaccination campaign while keeping an eye on it agro sector.

The Unanticipated Consequences of Decentralization and Reinvention: The Case of the Province of South Holland

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 579-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Yesilkagit ◽  
J. de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Public Administrators ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
The Public ◽  
Administrative Practice ◽  
Central Government Agencies

Two developments flowing from the institutional reforms in The Netherlands of the 1980s currently form ‘the usual suspects’ in a series of scandals or instances of public arousal within the public sector. The first factor is the large-scale decentralization of tasks from central government to provincial and municipal authorities. Initiated under the name of democratization and efficiency this decentralization programme was part of a large package of operations, including deconcentration, deregulation, privatization, and reconsideration, that were to to slim down central government in terms of personnel, tasks and organization. Second, managerialism, i.e. the adoption of business management ideas and concepts by public administrators, entered Dutch public service vocabulary during the second half of the 1980s. Managerialism did not limit itself only to central government agencies but also — and perhaps more succinctly — found openings in provincial and municipal authorities, mainly as a fierce reaction against the ‘bureaucratism’ of daily administrative practice to counter the relative deprivation perceived by civil servants in relation to their private sector counterparts. This article shows that the decentralization of financial management and the emergence of ‘reinvention’ ideas have had autonomous but drastic effects. While the former blinded central government and provincial controllers, the latter legitimized practices that even under a private sector regime would have been deemed improbable.

scholarly journals The assessment of target value of performance indicators of small and medium-sized companies’ financial management with industry and regional environmental features

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. N. Muraveva ◽  
N. S. Talalaeva
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Economic Agents ◽  
Environmental Features ◽  
Target Values ◽  
Basic Performance ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Standard Values

The efficient financial management in profit organizations are the getting their specific values of basic performance indicators (efficiency criteria), which characterize the solvability, financial capability, profitability of the economic agents. It’s not correct to use standard values estimating the efficiency of small and medium-sized companies’ financial management, being that such enterprises carry on business in the specific industry (there are not the diversification of business) in one specific region, having a small range of activity and sales. This determines the fundamental inequality conditions and objective preconditions their business, being reflected in financial status and results. The research takes into consideration the industry and regional environmental features, using the financial data reporting of profit-making small and medium-size enterprises of the Volgograd Region, which do business in distributive trade, manufacture, building and construction sector. Logics of research based on reference approach to estimate the efficiency of financial management: the values of basic performance indicators of enterprise getting profit a long time in spite of changing in the region’s economic climate, should be taken as the target values corresponding to efficient financial management. Based on research numerical values of industry-specific performance indicators were got. Those indicators are not equal to standard values. The target level of financial indicators serves as a guidemark for small and medium-sized companies to get the efficient financial management and be reaching profitability.

scholarly journals The standard characterization of the Romanian onion landrace ‘Roșie de Făgăraș’

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Mihaela Antofie ◽  
Camelia Sand Sava
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Conservation ◽  
Political Support ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Market Place ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Land Cultivation

‘Roșie de Făgăraș’ is a red onion landrace originating from the old region Făgăraș Country situated in South East Transylvania. It was officially included in the National Official Catalogue for cultivars and hybrids in 1952, for almost 50 years, and erased before 2004 without applying in situ conservation measures. However, food security depends on the appropriate management of all genetic resources for food and agriculture (PGRFA). Thus they have to be conserved and sustainable used and efforts have to be done for the recognition of this landrace as a PGRFA and therefore to be maintained "under conservation" into the Official Catalogue. The study focused on analysing data from three localities recognized for cultivating ‘Roșie de Făgăraș’, in order to evaluate morphometric characteristics of mature onion bulbs according to the UPOV Standard TG/46/7, productivity, land cultivation and socio-economic vulnerabilities. The analysis of morphometric measurements results support that ‘Roșie de Făgăraș’ is a medium size red onion that may have the chance to enter the market place, at least at the small scale, according to the current regulatory framework of the European Union regarding the conservation of landraces and provided by: Directive 2008/62/EC, Directive 2009/145/EC and Directive 2010/60/EU. The analysis of productivity, and land cultivation revealed dramatic land use change associated with the decline of cultivated area as following: 76.27% in Mândra, 50% in Recea and 33.34% in Beclean. With an increasing aging population, lack of political support for entering the market place, decrease of landowners cultivating ‘Roșie de Făgăraș’ for trade will increase vulnerability of traditional knowledge related to the conservation of this landrace.

scholarly journals Eight More Ways To Deal with Antibiotic Resistance

2014 ◽  
Vol 58 (8) ◽  
pp. 4253-4256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Metz ◽  
David M. Shlaes
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Federal Authority ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Share Data ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Firm Commitment

ABSTRACTThe fight against antibiotic resistance must be strengthened. We propose actions that U.S. government agencies and private sector entities can take to build a more comprehensive effort. These actions can increase the viability of investing in new antibiotics, ensure the quality and stewardship of all antibiotics, and make responses to emerging resistance more informed. Success requires the thoughtful exercise of federal authority and a firm commitment to share data and reward developers for the value generated with new, life-saving antibiotics.

INITIATIVES TO PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY IN THE EUROPEAN ACADEMIC AND SCIENTIFIC ENVIRONMENT. POWER, SUPPORT AND MOTIVATION IN PROFESSIONAL PROMOTION

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
George Marian ICHIM ◽  
Doina BALAHUR
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Scientific Career ◽  
Academic World ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Scientific World ◽  
Management Positions ◽  
Promote Gender Equality ◽  
Research Organisations ◽  
Scientific Environment

The existent agreements and beliefs in the organisational culture, predominantly male, resist the possibility to find alternatives to even the chances for promotion in an academic and scientific career for men and women. The more a person identifies with the norms and culture promoted in an institution, the more difficult it is for them to see alternatives. Acker (1990) explain that such persons (who normally have management positions), socialised in the male culture of the academic and scientific world, benefit the most from the existent arrangements and stand to lose the most if the existent practices of the academic world are changed. The European Union has been focusing on a new direction to eliminate gender obstacles in the academic and scientific world. The new approach for activities related to gender equality has focused on academic and research organisations and institutions rather than only on the women themselves. “Administration improvement” has become the new objective. One of the ways this new objective has been implemented concentrated on integrating the gender dimension into research.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document