Agen Ganda dan Perubahan Praktik Pertanian

This article aims to explain the role of dual agents in bringing about changes in agricultural practices. Starting from the phenomenon of changing plant species that occurred in Parbotihan Village, Onan Ganjang District, Humbang Hasundutan Regency. Changes in these types of crops often occur in a short period of time and are followed by most farmers. These changes sometimes occur without considering the adequacy of land, cultivation knowledge, and capital capacity. So, often the changes that occur are not profitable for them. On the other hand, these changes also change the cultivation pattern which requires farmers to learn from the beginning as a consequence of changing the types of plants. This research was conducted during the research period of my thesis by collecting data through observation and interviews. The selected informants are farmers who are involved in changing practices. The author found that the role of multiple agents such as relatives, friends, skippers, and group leaders with different capacities had a role in influencing farmers' actions. Multiple agents act as initiators, motivators, introductors, educators, and interventors. This research also shows that the social arena as public space becomes an effective arena in exchanging information and influences that encourage practice change.

Study of structures of tillage working bodies with overhead chisel

Agriculture is the most important branch of the national economy, providing the population of our country with food and obtaining raw materials for a number of industries. The role of agriculture in the economy of Russia and its regions shows the structure and level of development of the state. It is impossible to get a good harvest without proper cultivation of the land. Cultivation of any crops begins with basic tillage, which is one of the most time-consuming operations. For this purpose, mounted and semi-mounted ploughshares are used. One of the effective ways to reduce the energy intensity of the main tillage process is chisel-shaped ploughshares with a protruding toe (chisel), which is located below the blade by 20 … 25 mm. Due to this, the sinking capacity of the hull and its resource are improved. To achieve this goal, such methods are used as the influx of metal in the field-cut zone, which increases its thickness, the surfacing of the nose part, which increases wear resistance and, accordingly, reduces wear of the sock in thickness, welding to the sock with a plate made of a more high-strength material [1].

Relationship of coping strategy with income by households of farmers cultivating dry land (A case study in food-insecure regency of East Sumba in East Nusa Tenggara)

East Sumba Regency is an area that does not grow enough food to support people’s demands, although the main source of income of the people is from agricultural sector. This article aims at identifying the relationship between coping strategy and income which is applied in the households of farmers cultivated dry land for their livelihood. The samples for this research included farmers in four villages situated in two sub-districts at risks of food shortage. The samples were taken using snowball sampling technique and the data were gathered using interview, observation and recording. Additional information was used to support the findings and crosschecking was carried out with related parties. Coping strategy was applied by the households of farmers cultivating dry land by managing food-crop farming with salome planting pattern. This pattern is one of local wisdoms in muddling through problems of meeting necessities of life. The other strategy is pig-raising, by using keeping pattern which is adapted to the availability of crops resulted from land cultivation and by looking for food source in the forest. This research found that the more households practiced the coping strategy, the more income there will be.

ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT SITUATION AND VARIATION OF WET RICE LAND CULTIVATION AREA IN THE RED RIVER DELTA REGION

Nghiên cứu tập trung vào đánh giá hiện trạng và biến động diện tích, năng suất, mức độ thâm canh và hiệu quả kinh tế của các loại hình sử dụng đất lúa tại Đồng bằng sông Hồng. Nghiên cứu được thực hiện bằng các phương pháp thu thập và kế thừa tài liệu, điều tra nông hộ, đánh giá hiệu quả kinh tế của quá trình sử dụng đất. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy, năm 2018 toàn vùng có 588.357 ha, chiếm 15,04% diện tích đất lúa cả nước. Trong 10 năm (2010 - 2018), diện tích đất lúa của vùng giảm 31.589 ha, với tốc độ giảm bình quân 3.948,6 ha/năm. Hầu hết các tỉnh (10/11 tỉnh) đều giảm diện tích đất lúa (trừ tỉnh Quảng Ninh), bình quân giảm từ 143 – 800 ha/năm, trong đó thành phố Hà Nội giảm nhiều nhất. Mức độ thâm canh lúa cao, hệ số sử dụng đất lúa thay đổi từ 1,85 lần (2010) đến 1,77 lần (2018). Năng suất lúa toàn vùng giai đoạn 2010 - 2012 tăng và từ 2012 - 2018 có dấu hiệu giảm. LUT5 có hiệu quả kinh tế cao nhất, hiệu quả thấp nhất là LUT2.

THE IMPORTANCE OF GROWING MAIZE AND CORN AS ROTATIONAL CROPS

In the case of saline soils of the north zone of Karakalpakstan, it is important to study the influence of growing maize and corn as rotational crops after winter wheat on the continuation of the vegetation period and cultivating the soil. Under these conditions, after the winter wheat, when the soil is cultivated in good quality in the production of maize and corn as rotational crops, maize and corn grow well and there is a large amount of fodder from green mass for livestock. KEYWORDS: crop rotation, land cultivation, plowing, subsoiling, fodder, maize, corn, green mass.

Nutmeg Cultivation Intensity (Myristica fragrans Houtt) in Banda District

This study aims to determine and analyze the components of nutmeg cultivation at the farm level. The method used in the study was a survey method of plant cultivation. Sampling was done by using the multistage random sampling method. The area of reserach selected uses the pivate area startification. Each village was randomly sampled as many as 10 farmers, the total number of which was 20 sampled farmers. The results showed that farmers in Lonthor Village and Selamong Village, Banda Subdistrict, had not fully carried out intensive nutmeg cultivation that included land cultivation, seeding, fertilization, maintenance and post-harvest processing. This is because the existing nutmeg plants generally inherited from their parents so that it affects the decreased nutmeg production.

Composting and Methane Emissions of Coffee By-Products

In the last 20 years, the demand for coffee production has increased detrimentally, heightening the need for production, which is currently driving the increase in land cultivation for coffee. However, this increase in production ultimately leads to the amplification of waste produced. This study aims to develop an experimental methodology for sustainable coffee by-products (Pulp (CP)) in Costa Rica for nutrient-rich compost. The performance of the experiments is to explore and optimize composting processes following its key parameters. This will allow quantifying the emissions rate to obtain an emission factor for CP during the open composting process and optimizing the conditions to minimize CH4 emissions using P and green waste (GW) materials. Five CP and GW mixtures were analyzed for the composting process for ten weeks, acting P as primary input material as a by-product. Quantification of the methane emissions was performed in two areas: composting area and open field deposition. Peak temperatures of compost appeared at twenty-five days for control and five days for GW added treatments. CP emission factors provide a similar result with the standard values recommended by the literature, accomplishing the emission reductions. Thus, this study designed and validated a sustainable protocol for transforming coffee by-products into compost.

Perennial grasses as means to improve land productivity in the semi-desert of the Caspian Sea region

Объектом исследований являлись посевы многолетних трав 15- и 18-летнего возраста в Западно-Казахстанской (Казахстан) и Волгоградской областях соответственно и режимы выпадения атмосферных осадков по полупустынной зоне за 22 года. Атмосферные осадки и характер их выпадения в полупустынной зоне определяют продуктивность пашни. Поэтому структура сельскохозяйственных угодий и посевов служит основным механизмом формирования экологически сбалансированных агролесоландшафтов. Продуктивность сельскохозяйственных угодий повышается при увеличении удельного веса посевных площадей кормовых культур, в т.ч. многолетних трав, за счёт проведения культуртехнических работ. Осеннее чизелевание дернины и азотные подкормки обеспечивают долголетие (15–20 лет) и высокую продуктивность (2,6–2,8 т/га сена) многолетних трав при рентабельности 88–122%. В целом в полупустынной зоне под многолетние травы выделяется лишь 5,8% обрабатываемой пашни. Проблема рационального землепользования успешно решается предприятиями Палласовского муниципального района на площади 124,1 тыс. га. В структуре пашни под многолетние травы отводится 22,2%, под зерновые и технические — 55,3% и под чистые пары — 21,5%. Сложившаяся структура пашни обеспечивает потребность в кормах 28,3 тыс. голов крупного рогатого скота, 153,5 тыс. голов овец, а также поголовья других сельскохозяйственных животных в личных подворьях населения. Кормовая база единственных в зоне племенных репродукторов опирается на значительные площади посева многолетних трав в сравнении с прочими районами. Производственные показатели Палласовского района свидетельствуют, что в полупустынной зоне увеличение удельного веса площадей многолетних трав в структуре посева обеспечивает устойчивое развитие мясного животноводства. Fifteen- and sixteen-years old perennial grasses were analyzed in the West Kazakhstan (Kazakhstan) and Volgograd regions, respectively. Precipitation rates for 22 years were evaluated in the semi-desert. Precipitations are the main factor determining field productivity in the semi-desert. Therefore, sowing system has a significant impact on mechanisms of sustainable landscape formation. Wide cultivation of forage crops, particularly perennial grasses, positively affects field productivity due to the introduction of various cultural practices. Subsoil plowing and nitrogen fertilization in autumn have positive impact on plant longevity (15–20 years) and productivity (2.6–2.8 t ha-1 of hay) providing economic efficiency of 88–122%. In the semi-desert perennial grasses occupy only 5.8% of farm lands. Sustainable land cultivation is performed on 124.1 thousand ha area by the organizations of the Pallasovskiy district. Sowing system includes 22.2% of perennial grasses, 55.3% of grain and industrial crops and 21.5% of clean fallow. Such system is able to provide 28.3 thousand heads of cattle, 153.5 thousand heads of sheep as well as other livestock on private farms with forage. Forage resources for pedigree breeding stock depend significantly on total cultivation area of perennial grasses in the district. It was shown that wider cultivation of perennial grasses had positive effect on beef farming in the semi-desert of the Pallasovskiy district.

PENGARUH BIOCHAR SEKAM PADI TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK TANAH DAN HASIL TANAMAN JAGUNG (Zea mays) DI KELURAHAN LAPE KECAMATAN AESESA

This study aims to determine the condition of the physical properties of the soil and maize yields given rice husk biochar in Lape Village, Aesesa District. The continuous use of inorganic fertilizers will have a negative impact on the soil such as destroying the physical properties of the soil and reducing maize yields. Therefore, this research is a descriptive study. Determination of soil samples using purposive sampling method with the criteria of land cultivation of corn and rice husk biochar. The variables observed were soil color, structure, texture, porosity, bulk density, moisture content, temperature, humidity and maize yield. The results showed that the criteria for the physical properties of the soil in the maize cultivation area were dusty clay soil texture and categorized as S1 class, soil color was dominated by 10 YR 2/1 Black and categorized as S1 class, and soil structure was dominated by granular criteria. B0 content density value: 1.01; B2: 0.9; B3: 0.87; B4: 0.81; B4: 0.8 and categorized as S2 class, soil porosity value B0: 61.76; B1: 65.91; B2:67,18; B3: 69.41; B4; 69.89 and categorized as S1 class. Value of water content B0: 36.78; B1:41,14; B2: 40.82; B3: 35.06; B4: 39.55 and categorized into class N. temperature analysis results B0: 33.75; B1: 34.00; B2: 32.75; B3: 33.25; B4: 34.00 and can be categorized as class N. Moisture analysis results B0: 67.00; B1: 68.00; B2: 64.50; B3: 66.25; 68.00 and categorized in S1 class. And maize yields. Corn kernels yield tan-1(g) B0: 347.30; B1: 360.40; B2: 380.70; B3: 385.40; B4: 401.35. Yield of shelled corn ha-1(tons) B0: 9.26; B1: 9.61; B2: 10,15; B3: 10.28; B4: 10.70

On the Question of the Profitability of Land Plots of Orthodox Clergy in the early XX century (based on the materials of the Mordovian region)

Introduction. The article presents the results of a study of the land use of Orthodox parishes based on the materials of the Mordovian region of the beginning of the XX century. Materials and Methods. In the course of the study, general scientific and special historical methods were used. With the help of comparative-historical and problem-chronological methods, the evolution of the system of land ownership and land use is traced. The identification of common and special features in the financing of rural clergy is possible only if the method of system analysis and the structural method are applied. Results. The publication contains a brief digression into the history of land relations, it traces the trends in the development of church land ownership in the early 1900s. It is established that due to the shortage of land and agricultural overpopulation, land grants on the territory of the Mordovian territory have not received significant distribution. On the basis of archival materials and published sources, the main forms of land use of the parish clergy are analyzed, which include: self-cultivation of land; leasing of land; hiring of peasants for land cultivation; combination of forms of land use. The authors found that by the end of the period under review, the use of land prevailed among the forms of land use. As a result of the processing of clerical records, the amount of profitability of church plots was determined. By leasing church land, most parishes received a relatively small but stable income. In 1915, in the Ardatovsky district of the Simbirsk diocese, it was equal to about half of the state salary. Conclusions. At the end of the study, it is concluded that on the eve of the revolution, only a small part of the rural clergy was engaged in agriculture, that is, the process of turning the clergy into a professional group of Orthodox pastors was almost complete.