GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF CAUSE-EFFECT RELATIONSHIPS AMONG CHEMICAL PROCESS VARIABLES USING A NEURAL NETWORK APPROACH

2010 ◽  
Vol 09 (01) ◽  
pp. 69-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUSTAVO M. DE ALMEIDA ◽  
MARCELO CARDOSO ◽  
DANILO C. RENA ◽  
SONG W. PARK
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Process Variable ◽  
Chemical Recovery ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Steam Generation ◽  
Fuel Temperature ◽  
Neural Network Approach ◽  
Operating Variables

The extraction of information from tabular data is not a natural task for human beings, which is worse when dealing with high dimensional systems. On the other hand, graphical representations make the understanding easier by exploring the human capacity of processing visual information. Such representations can be used for many purposes, e.g., complex systems structuring which contributes to a better understanding of it. This paper constructs a cause-effect map relating the influence of each input process variable on the steam generated by a boiler. The real case study is based on the operations of a chemical recovery boiler of a Kraft pulp mill in Brazil. The map is obtained by two steps, namely the identification of a neural predictive model for the steam and a study of sensitivity analysis. The numerical results are then depicted in a graphical format using a cause-effect map. This representation highlights the relative importance of the predictor variables to the steam generation. The results, in agreement with the literature, show the higher contribution of the heat released during the fuel burning, and the lower influence of both the fuel temperature and the operating variables associated with the primary level of injection of the combustion air.

scholarly journals Bio-Inspired Modality Fusion for Active Speaker Detection

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3397
Author(s):  
Gustavo Assunção ◽  
Nuno Gonçalves ◽  
Paulo Menezes
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Validation Process ◽  
Detection Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Speaker Detection ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fusion Ability

Human beings have developed fantastic abilities to integrate information from various sensory sources exploring their inherent complementarity. Perceptual capabilities are therefore heightened, enabling, for instance, the well-known "cocktail party" and McGurk effects, i.e., speech disambiguation from a panoply of sound signals. This fusion ability is also key in refining the perception of sound source location, as in distinguishing whose voice is being heard in a group conversation. Furthermore, neuroscience has successfully identified the superior colliculus region in the brain as the one responsible for this modality fusion, with a handful of biological models having been proposed to approach its underlying neurophysiological process. Deriving inspiration from one of these models, this paper presents a methodology for effectively fusing correlated auditory and visual information for active speaker detection. Such an ability can have a wide range of applications, from teleconferencing systems to social robotics. The detection approach initially routes auditory and visual information through two specialized neural network structures. The resulting embeddings are fused via a novel layer based on the superior colliculus, whose topological structure emulates spatial neuron cross-mapping of unimodal perceptual fields. The validation process employed two publicly available datasets, with achieved results confirming and greatly surpassing initial expectations.

scholarly journals Transfer Entropy Based Causality From Head Motion To Eye Movement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zezhong Lv ◽  
Qing Xu ◽  
Klaus Schoeffmann ◽  
Simon Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Transfer Entropy ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Head Motion ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Sensorimotor Activity ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Psychophysical Studies

AbstractEye movement behavior, which provides the visual information acquisition and processing, plays an important role in performing sensorimotor tasks, such as driving, by human beings in everyday life. In the procedure of performing sensorimotor tasks, eye movement is contributed through a specific coordination of head and eye in gaze changes, with head motions preceding eye movements. Notably we believe that this coordination in essence indicates a kind of causality. In this paper, we investigate transfer entropy to set up a quantity for measuring an unidirectional causality from head motion to eye movement. A normalized version of the proposed measure, demonstrated by virtual reality based psychophysical studies, behaves very well as a proxy of driving performance, suggesting that quantitative exploitation of coordination of head and eye may be an effective behaviometric of sensorimotor activity.

Reproductive Steroid Responses in Fish Exposed to Pulp Mill Condensates: An Investigation of Cause Case Study

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah L. MacLatchy ◽  
Craig Milestone ◽  
Kevin S. Shaughnessy ◽  
Andrew M. Belknap ◽  
Monique G. Dubé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Fundulus Heteroclitus ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Chemical Recovery ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Evaluation Approach ◽  
Identification Evaluation ◽  
Active Substances

Abstract An investigation of cause (IOC) approach integrating artificial stream exposures and laboratory bioassays has been used to identify waste stream sources of contaminants at the Irving Pulp & Paper Ltd. mill, in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada. Chemical recovery condensates have shown the greatest potential for reducing circulating steroids in mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus), an endemic fish species. A solid phase extraction (SPE) technique was developed to isolate hormonally active substances from the condensates, and a toxicity identification evaluation approach was used to gain a better understanding of the chemical characteristics of the active substances. Extracts were fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the fractions were used in a seven-day bioassay. Dose-response experiments indicated that steroid reductions in male mummichog were observed consistently after a 4% (vol/vol) exposure. At 4% (vol/vol), however, steroid reductions were not observed in fractions of the active SPE extract generated by HPLC. Some fractions actually induced increases in plasma testosterone. Recent work has focused on understanding what methodologies must be used to handle the semivolatile condensates to ensure 100% chemical recovery and retention of biological activity. Results are summarized in the context of developing an industry-wide IOC framework.

scholarly journals REPRESENTATION OF 3-D VOLUMETRIC OBJECT FROM THE PANTOMIME EFFECT AND SHADING CUES IN HUMAN BRAIN

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (08) ◽  
pp. 1307-1322
Author(s):  
QI ZHANG ◽  
KEN MOGI
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Object Perception ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Visual Phenomenon

Human ability to process visual information of outside world is yet far ahead of man-made systems in accuracy and speed. In particular, human beings can perceive 3-D object from various cues, such as binocular disparity and monocular shading cues. Understanding of the mechanism of human visual processing will lead to a breakthrough in creating artificial visual systems. Here, we study the human 3-D volumetric object perception that is induced by a visual phenomenon named as the pantomime effect and by the monocular shading cues. We measured human brain activities using fMRI when the subjects were observing the visual stimuli. A coordinated system of brain areas, including those in the prefrontal and parietal cortex, in addition to the occipital visual areas was found to be involved in the volumetric object perception.

scholarly journals Various Networks Used for ECG Signals, Heart Beats and ECG Feature’s Classification

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 3291-3297
Keyword(s):  
Signal Analysis ◽  
Decomposition Method ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Svm Classifier ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Important Process ◽  
Ecg Signals ◽  
Mode Decomposition ◽  
Non Stationary Signal

ECG is a graphical representation of heart’s electrical activity such as electrical reploarization and depolarization of heart. It is an important non- stationary signal which contains the necessary information about the heart functioning so that it can be used to identify different abnormalities in heart beats and also to identify different diseases of human beings. Classification is an important process in ECG signal analysis and cardiac diseases diagnosis process. Different ECG signals as well as ECG parameters such as heart beats, features can be classified according to requirement. In this paper different classification networks have studied. SVM classifier with empirical mode decomposition represented the maximum accuracy of 99.54%. Any optimization technique can be used to increase the accuracy of SVM classifier with suitable decomposition method such as variatinal mode decomposition.

scholarly journals Parallel control model for navigation tasks on service robots

2021 ◽  
Vol 2135 (1) ◽  
pp. 012002
Author(s):  
Holman Montiel ◽  
Fernando Martínez ◽  
Fredy Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Motion Control ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Vision System ◽  
Interaction Model ◽  
Service Robots ◽  
Service Robot ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Real Time Control ◽  
Parallel Control

Abstract Autonomous mobility remains an open research problem in robotics. This is a complex problem that has its characteristics according to the type of task and environment intended for the robot’s activity. Service robotics has in this sense problems that have not been solved satisfactorily. These robots must interact with human beings in environments designed for human beings, which implies that one of the basic sensors for structuring motion control and navigation schemes are those that replicate the human optical sense. In their normal activity, robots are expected to interpret visual information in the environment while following a certain motion policy that allows them to move from one point to another in the environment, consistent with their tasks. A good optical sensing system can be structured around digital cameras, with which it can apply visual identification routines of both the trajectory and its environment. This research proposes a parallel control scheme (with two loops) for the definition of movements of a service robot from images. On the one hand, there is a control loop based on a visual memory strategy using a convolutional neural network. This system contemplates a deep learning model that is trained from images of the environment containing characteristic elements of the navigation environment (various types of obstacles and different cases of free trajectories with and without navigation path). To this first loop is connected in parallel a second loop in charge of defining the specific distances to the obstacles using a stereo vision system. The objective of this parallel loop is to quickly identify the obstacle points in front of the robot from the images using a bacterial interaction model. These two loops form an information feedback motion control framework that quickly analyzes the environment and defines motion strategies from digital images, achieving real-time control driven by visual information. Among the advantages of our scheme are the low processing and memory costs in the robot, and the no need to modify the environment to facilitate the navigation of the robot. The performance of the system is validated by simulation and laboratory experiments.

Improving pulp yield for integrated southern hardwood kraft mills—significance and impact on chemical recovery, steam and power generation, and bleaching

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN D. ANDREWS ◽  
PETER W. HART
Keyword(s):  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Chemical Recovery ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Cost Implications ◽  
The Impact

Researchers have been attempting to improve the yield of bleachable-grade kraft pulp for several decades. Wood is typically one of the major costs associated with kraft pulping. Therefore, it is typically assumed that improving pulp yield or conversely, reducing the amount of wood required to make a specific mass of pulp, is a cost-effective, lucrative endeavor. Although this may be true, it is important to understand the impact of increasing pulp yield on the interconnected processes within an integrated pulp and paper mill and to fully evaluate the cost implications on these processes. The current work employed several sets of laboratory pulping conditions and a WinGEMS model of a pulp mill, fully integrated with chemical recovery, power, and recausticization, and pulp drying islands to determine where the largest cost impact associated with improved pulp yield may be experienced.

An activity-based cost calculation for a kraft pulp mill

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
HEIKKI KORPUNEN ◽  
PEKKA VIRTANEN ◽  
OLLI DAHL ◽  
PAULA JYLHÄ ◽  
JORI UUSITALO
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Kraft Pulp ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Chemical Recovery ◽  
Cost Calculation ◽  
Activity Based Costing ◽  
Oxygen Delignification ◽  
Kraft Pulp Mill

This study introduces an activity-based costing (ABC) method for a kraft pulp mill. Our ABC model defines the production resources and costs for each process in a chemical pulp mill and allocates the costs to pulp, energy, bark, turpentine, and crude tall oil. The production processes include receiving, unloading and debarking of pulpwood, chipping, chip screening, chip storing, cooking and in-digester washing, pulp washing and screening, oxygen delignification, bleaching, drying, and chemical recovery. We also tested the effect of Scots pine pulpwood properties on the profitability of a virtual greenfield pulp mill located in Finland, where it produced 600000 air-dried (a.d.) metric tons of bleached market pulp annually. Total annual production costs were approximately EUR 216 million (USD 285 million), of which chemical recovery comprised the biggest share (almost 39%). According to the results, the price of market pulp had the most significant effect on the profitability of the mill. The pulpwood properties did not clearly affect pulp production costs; the wood procurement costs had more influence on the profitability of the value chain. Our results also indicate that the profitability of pulp making is strongly dependent on the prices of electricity and heat. This is because the mill is customer and seller in energy markets. ABC proved to be a useful tool and accurate method for cost calculation in this highly competitive branch of the forest industry.

scholarly journals Neural oscillator network–based biped control for self-adapting gait

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 168781401881124
Author(s):  
Woosung Yang
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Humanoid Robot ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Neural Oscillator ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Motion Trajectories ◽  
Slope Change ◽  
Oscillator Network ◽  
Zero Moment ◽  
Walking Mechanism

Walking on floors with a varying slope needs more adaptive walking controller against the slope change, since that kind of walking becomes unstable easily without visual information. It may be difficult even for human beings to keep the walking stability without seeing the slope. This work presents a neural oscillator network to generate the patterns for periodic bipedal locomotion, which enable a humanoid robot to adapt to slope change of terrain. Motion trajectories of each limb (each hand and foot) are first defined in terms of periodic functions, the coefficients of which are the output parameters of neural oscillators. Those parameters are determined with the neural oscillator network in cooperation with sensory signals that detect the states of feet in contact with the terrain such that the motion trajectories are scaled for the walking stability. In addition, for the same reason, the neural oscillator controls the trajectories of the center of mass and the zero moment point of humanoid. Using the proposed method, the walking of the humanoid was performed on uneven and uncertain terrain. This application for the humanoid robot may draw some helpful hints on understanding human beings’ walking mechanism against the terrain with a varying slope.

Chemical Recovery from Pulp-Mill Waste Liquor

1961 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 773-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Gray Weaver ◽  
W. A. Biggs
Keyword(s):  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Chemical Recovery ◽  
Waste Liquor ◽  
Mill Waste
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