Improving pulp yield for integrated southern hardwood kraft mills—significance and impact on chemical recovery, steam and power generation, and bleaching

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN D. ANDREWS ◽  
PETER W. HART
Keyword(s):  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Chemical Recovery ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Fully Integrated ◽  
Cost Implications ◽  
The Impact

Researchers have been attempting to improve the yield of bleachable-grade kraft pulp for several decades. Wood is typically one of the major costs associated with kraft pulping. Therefore, it is typically assumed that improving pulp yield or conversely, reducing the amount of wood required to make a specific mass of pulp, is a cost-effective, lucrative endeavor. Although this may be true, it is important to understand the impact of increasing pulp yield on the interconnected processes within an integrated pulp and paper mill and to fully evaluate the cost implications on these processes. The current work employed several sets of laboratory pulping conditions and a WinGEMS model of a pulp mill, fully integrated with chemical recovery, power, and recausticization, and pulp drying islands to determine where the largest cost impact associated with improved pulp yield may be experienced.

scholarly journals Bioremediation of Agro-Based Pulp Mill Effluent by Microbial Consortium Comprising Autochthonous Bacteria

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virendra Kumar ◽  
Purnima Dhall ◽  
Rita Kumar ◽  
Yogendra Prakash Singh ◽  
Anil Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Black Liquor ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Kraft Pulping ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Paper Mills

Small-scale agro-based pulp and paper mills are characterized as highly polluting industries. These mills use Kraft pulping process for paper manufacturing due to which toxic lignified chemicals are released into the environment. Lack of infrastructure, technical manpower, and research and development facilities restricts these mills to recover these chemicals. Therefore, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the emanating stream is quite high. For solving the above problem, four bacteria were isolated from the premises of agro-based pulp and paper mill which were identified as species ofPseudomonas, Bacillus, Pannonibacter, andOchrobacterum. These bacteria were found capable of reducing COD up to 85%–86.5% in case of back water and 65-66% in case of back water : black liquor (60 : 40), respectively, after acclimatization under optimized conditions (pH 6.8, temperature 35°C, and shaking 200 rpm) when the wastewater was supplemented with nitrogen and phosphorus as trace elements.

Public Evaluation of Fish Tainting from Pulp and Paper Mill Discharges

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
C. G. Jardine
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Advisory Committees ◽  
Public Advisory ◽  
St Lawrence River

As part of the Remedial Action Plan (RAP) programs for the St. Lawrence and Spanish Rivers in Ontario, Canada, tainting evaluations were conducted using members of the Public Advisory Committees (PACs) and the RAP teams. Triangle test sensory evaluations were conducted on caged rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed insitu upstream and downstream of the pulp and paper mill diffuser outfalls In the St. Lawrence River only, evaluations were conducted on indigenous yellow perch (Perca flavescens) caught upstream and downstream of the mill discharge . In both locations, the odour of the flesh from the caged trout exposed above the diffuser outfall was not judged significantly different from caged trout exposed downstream of the discharge. However, the indigenous perch caught downstream of the mill in the St. Lawrence River were judged by the panelists to have a significantly more objectionable odour than those caught upstream of the discharge. While the effluent tainting potential appears to have been eliminated in the Spanish River, further studies are required to determine the source and magnitude of tainting concerns in the St. Lawrence River. The sensory test and results reported here provide useful tools for evaluating the tainting potential of pulp mill discharges and for assessing perceived consumer quality of the fish exposed to these effluents.

Utilization of a small soda pulp and paper mill effluent for rice field irrigation

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 205-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Adisesha ◽  
S. Purwati ◽  
P. R. Panggabean ◽  
S. E. Sarief
Keyword(s):  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Chemical Recovery ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Paper Mill Effluent ◽  
Soda Pulp ◽  
Paddy Crop

Padalarang pulp and paper mill, a soda pulp and paper mill without chemical recovery, located near Bandung, Indonesia, discharges untreated effluent mixed with domestic waste water into surrounding rice fields. For more than 60 years, paddy has been harvested 3 times a year. An in-depth study to characterize the effluent, the soil and the biomass production was conducted to define the evidence. A field study using four experimental plots indicated that soil irrigated with effluent had a higher concentration of potassium, calcium, sodium ions and greater cation exchange capacity than near-by soil. Analysis of well water showed that the effluent had no effect on the ground water. A reduction of suspended solids and BOD occurred in the effluent while flowing through rice fields. The yields of paddy demonstrated significant positive effect of effluent either in dry or in rainy season, while zeolites as soil amendment did not give significant effect to the already high paddy crop yield.

Cost benefit analysis of measures to reduce industrial effluent discharges

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (7) ◽  
pp. 1623-1628
Author(s):  
Åsa Sivard ◽  
Tomas Ericsson ◽  
Nippe Hylander ◽  
Magnus Karlsson ◽  
Mikael Malmaeus
Keyword(s):  
Organic Material ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
The Cost

In an environmentally harmonized society the most cost effective measures to reduce the total effluent discharges should be taken into account. Generalised discharge values are presented for organic material and nutrients in this paper. Depending on conditions in the receiving water any of these parameters can be the determining factor for the eutrophication and oxygen demand. These parameters can be generalized into equivalent loads of TOC, nitrogen or phosphorus by recalculation according to the Redfield ratio. The cost for reduction of organic material and nutrients from a pulp and paper mill is calculated as a cost per unit pollutant (cost equivalent). This cost equivalent is compared with alternative costs, expressed in the same way, for reduction of organic material and nutrients in adjacent industries, municipal treatment plants, impact from transportation, farming, air deposits etc. In order to find where the most cost efficient measures for the society should be taken the cost equivalent for the mill is compared with the alternative measures and their equivalent costs.

scholarly journals The Environmental Significance of Sediment Surface Area as a Controlling Factor in the Preservation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) in Sediments Adjacent to Woodfibre Pulp Mill, Howe Sound, British Columbia

Minerals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 711
Author(s):  
Gareth Chalmers ◽  
Rupert Adams ◽  
Amanda Bustin ◽  
Marc Bustin
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Sediment Surface ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Selective Enrichment ◽  
Organic Matter Concentration ◽  
The Relationship

A sediment core was retrieved from an area adjacent to a Pulp and Paper Mill in Howe Sound, British Columbia, in order to examine the accumulation dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs). Downcore distribution of TOC in the bulk samples is relatively uniform (0.5–1.7 wt. %). Bulk PCDD/F concentration shows selective enrichment and depletion at specific sediment horizons, and a low to moderate correlation with surface area (r2 = 0.23–0.54). TOC in size fractionated sediments ranges from 0.3–11 wt. % and shows a moderate correlation with surface area (r2 = 0.51). The relationship between PCDD/Fs and surface area is congener specific, ranging from no significant correlation (TCDD; r2 = 0.05), to a good correlation (i.e., OCDF; r2 = 0.74). Results indicate that both dioxin and furan concentrations are related to organic matter concentration, molecular chlorination and sediment surface area.

Microbiology and biodegradation of resin acids in pulp mill effluents: a minireview

1997 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 599-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven N. Liss ◽  
Paul A. Bicho ◽  
John N. Saddler
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Resin Acid ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Transformation Products ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Original Material ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluents

Resin acids, a group of diterpenoid carboxylic acids present mainly in softwood species, are present in many pulp mill effluents and toxic to fish in recipient waters. They are considered to be readily biodegradable. However, their removal across biological treatment systems has been shown to vary. Recent studies indicate that natural resin acids and transformation products may accumulate in sediments and pose acute and chronic toxicity to fish. Several resin acid biotransformation compounds have also been shown to bioaccumulate and to be more resistant to biodegradation than the original material. Until recently, the microbiology of resin-acid degradation has received only scant attention. Although wood-inhabiting fungi have been shown to decrease the level of resin present in wood, there is no conclusive evidence that fungi can completely degrade these compounds. In contrast, a number of bacterial isolates have recently been described which are able to utilize dehydroabietic or isopimaric acids as their sole carbon source. There appears to be an unusually high degree of substrate specificity with respect to the utilization of abietane congeners and the presence of substituents. Pimaranes do not appear to be attacked to the same extent as the abietanes. This paper reviews the occurrence, chemistry, toxicity, and biodegradation of resin acids in relation to the biological treatment of pulp and paper mill effluents.Key words: resin acids, biodegradation, pulp mill effluents.

scholarly journals Effect of the Edgecumbe earthquake on mechanical and process equipment at the Tasman Mill

1988 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Hodge ◽  
M. Macfarlane
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Damage ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Process Equipment ◽  
Material Damage ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Total Material ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mechanical Plant

This paper reviews the mechanical damage and the impact on the processes resulting from the March 2 1987 earthquake. Despite the potential hazards present in a pulp and paper mill as a result of the operating processes, there were no process related failures although there was significant damage to structures and some mechanical plant. Mechanical damage can be seen to be relatively small being about one third of the total material damage and representing less than one per cent of the replacement value of the mill complex, highlighting the fact that such mechanical plants are not particularly high risks.

scholarly journals Effects of habitat and pulp and paper mill contamination on a population of brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans)

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian Z. MacDonald ◽  
Natacha S. Hogan ◽  
Michael R. van den Heuvel
Keyword(s):  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Resin Acids ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Reference Sites ◽  
Culaea Inconstans ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Brook Stickleback ◽  
Cyp1a Induction

Abstract This study examined the responses of a population of brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) exposed to pulp mill effluent at Jackfish Bay, Lake Superior, Canada, in May 2007 and May 2011. Brook stickleback were extirpated from the effluent-receiving site, presumably due to anoxia after this period. Females at the effluent-receiving site had significantly larger gonad sizes in 2007 and 2011. In 2011, effluent-exposed female gonadal development was significantly advanced when compared with reference sites; they were the second most mature when compared among three different reference sites. Analysis of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity revealed that effluent-receiving site females had greater CYP1A induction in 2007 and significantly greater CYP1A induction in 2011. Effluent-receiving site males showed significantly reduced CYP1A induction in 2007 and significantly greater induction in 2011. Chemical evaluation of sediment from the receiving environment showed elevated levels of resin acids and the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, retene. Higher condition factors and more mature gonads were consistent with higher winter and spring temperatures modified by effluent or by lake vs. stream environments. Overall, effects on effluent-exposed brook stickleback were not consistent with reported effects in white sucker exposed to the same effluent in previous studies. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the kind support of CAWQ/ACQE (https://www.cawq.ca).

Summary of a Decade of Research on the Effects of a New Zealand Pulp and Paper Mill on Reproduction in Fishes

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. van den Heuvel ◽  
Alison H. Slade ◽  
Michael J. Landman
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Cumulative Impact ◽  
Gradual Improvement ◽  
Reproductive Effects

Abstract The effluent of the Tasman pulp and paper mill (Kawerau, New Zealand) has been intensively studied for its effects on the health of fishes between 1998 and present. This review summarizes peer-reviewed scientific literature on the reproductive effects of the Tasman Mill effluent on fishes. In the 1990s there was an emerging body of literature from around the world showing that exposure to pulp and paper effluent could cause subtle reproductive alterations in exposed fishes. Locally, the Tarawera River had proved to be a difficult environment to conduct field studies. To overcome some of the difficulties with studying fish populations in the Tarawera River, initial studies on the reproductive health of fishes were focused on mesocosm and laboratory bioassays. During the later part of this period of study, wild fish population sampling was conducted inriver to assess the cumulative impact of multiple discharges. The initial mesocosm studies were conducted with rainbow trout exposures over an entire reproductive development cycle. The Tasman Mill effluent was initially observed to cause reductions in gonad size in females corresponding with lower circulating sex steroid hormones and reduced egg and larval sizes. This result was not observed again in the two subsequent long-term exposures conducted after 2001. Laboratory studies initially found the effluent to have a masculinizing effect on female mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). This mosquitofish masculinization response disappeared after 2001 and was also not seen in effluent-exposed wild populations. Upstream and downstream populations of the native common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus) showed different reproductive timing, and investigation revealed that genetic differences were a potential reason for these differences. Subsequent investigation compared the Tarawera River bully to genetically similar Rangitiki River bully and found no evidence of reproductive alterations. The entire body of published data was assessed with regards to changes at the mill and chemical profiles of the effluent. It was evident that continuing effort on the part of the mill has resulted in gradual improvement in effluent quality over the duration of the studies. However, the disappearance of reproductive effects as assessed by multiple bioassays corresponds to one major change: screen room closure in the pulp mill. This change would have resulted in wood extractives being shunted from the treatment system to the recovery boiler, resulting in a net reduction in compounds derived from wood.

Immunomodulation in Blue Mussels (Mytilus edulis) Exposed to a Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent in Eastern Canada

2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 647-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvie D. St-Jean ◽  
Simon C. Courtenay ◽  
Roy W. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Paper Mill ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Pulp Mill Effluent ◽  
Bacterial Clearance ◽  
Pulp And Paper Mill ◽  
Paper Mill Effluent ◽  
Blue Mussels

Abstract Blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) were caged at three sites situated at increasing distance from the point of discharge of a pulp and paper mill effluent from July to October 1998. Two additional cages were deployed: one inside and one at the mouth of the adjacent industrialized Pictou Harbour. After 90 d exposure, we measured growth, survival, haemocyte counts (HC), phagocytic activity (PA), lysosome retention (LR) and bacterial clearance (BC). There was a small but significant difference in growth between cages. Mussels closest to the mill effluent grew the most while those at the mouth of the harbour grew the least. Mussels from three cages showed similar difficulty in clearing bacteria; the cage inside the harbour, the cage nearest to the pulp mill effluent and the cage furthest from the pulp mill, receiving a mixture of both pulp mill and harbour effluents. The mussels from those cages also showed the highest heavy metal burdens and conversely, the cage showing the most rapid clearance, outside both effluents, also showed the lowest heavy metal burden. Mussels caged in the pulp mill effluent showed lower PA and LR and higher mortality during the bacterial clearance test than other mussels. These results suggest that immunological biomarkers might be a useful and more sensitive adjunct to endpoints presently being measured from caged bivalves in environmental effects monitoring (EEM) programs, and assessments of aquatic environmental quality.

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