INVESTIGATING SILVICULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF YEW (TAXUS BACCATA L.) STAND USING FULL-CALLIPERING IN NORTHERN FORESTS OF IRAN

2013 ◽  
Vol 06 (01) ◽  
pp. 1250067 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIR MOZAFFAR FALLAHCHAI ◽  
SEYED ARMIN HASHEMI ◽  
GASEM RAHANJAM
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Curve ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Taxus Baccata ◽  
Height Distribution ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Restricted Area ◽  
Northern Forests ◽  
Low Rate

In this research, some of site and silvicultural characteristics of Yew stand in northern forests of Iran was studied. For this purpose, compartment number 16 of district 4 Shir-ghalaye was selected. According to research purposes, stands with an area of 20 ha were chosen in center of the compartment and was separated from map. Due to restricted area of region and according to few number of Yew trees in the stand, the full-callipering method was conducted for measuring quantitative and qualitative characteristics. In the stand diameter at breast height (D.B.H.), height and canopy diameter of all Yew trees were measured. The results showed that the diameter distribution curve and height distribution curve of Yew trees were similar to even-age forests curve. But according to average annual increment, mixture type of Yew trees in stand, diameter distribution of other species and low rate regeneration of Yew, it can be concluded that the studied Yew stand, is an uneven-age stand and because of low rate regeneration in previous years the number of young Yew trees were reduced and even-age forest curve was formed subsequently. The maximum height and diameter of Yew trees were recorded 26.8 m and 112 cm, respectively. Also, the number of trees per hectare and basal area per hectare of Yew trees were calculated 14.55 and 3.23 m2 respectively.

Stand dynamics of mixed red alder – conifer forests of southeast Alaska

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 969-980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert L Deal ◽  
Paul E Hennon ◽  
Ewa H Orlikowska ◽  
David V D'Amore
Keyword(s):  
Stand Structure ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Height Distribution ◽  
Conifer Forests ◽  
Red Alder ◽  
Southeast Alaska ◽  
Dead Trees

Stand structure and dynamics were evaluated in mixed red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) – conifer forests of southeast Alaska. We assessed stand development, tree density, total basal area, diameter distribution of live and dead trees, height distribution of live trees, and mean diameter of all and largest conifers in 40-year-old red alder – conifer stands that developed following logging. Forty-five plots were established in nine stands sampled across a com po si tional range of 0%–86% alder. Alder height growth was initially rapid then slowed considerably, whereas conifer height growth was initially slow then rapidly increased with conifers now being 4–9 m taller than associated alders. Most alder diameters were 20–30 cm and conifer diameters were more variable with numerous small (3–10 cm) and a few large (>25 cm) trees. Total stand basal area significantly decreased (p = 0.013) with increasing proportions of alder, but density of live and dead trees was not closely associated with alder composition. More than 60% of all dead trees died standing regardless of size or species. Overall, these mixed red alder – conifer stands provided more heterogeneous structures than pure conifer stands, with more even diameter distributions, multiple canopy layers, and similar numbers of large diameter conifers.

scholarly journals Structural Characteristics of Natural Limestone Forests in Cat Ba Biosphere Reserves, Vietnam

2020 ◽  
pp. 161-172
Author(s):  
Tran Hai Long ◽  
I. M. Sangjun ◽  
Trieu Thai Hung ◽  
Qiwen Li ◽  
Ninh Viet Khuong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Height Distribution ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Anthropogenic Intervention

An ecological understanding of natural forests after anthropogenic intervention is important for sustainable forest management. This study analyzed the overstory characteristics (species composition, growth, and diameter distribution) and regeneration (species richness, density, and height distribution) in natural limestone forests in Cat Ba Biosphere Reserve, Vietnam. Data were collected in nine study plots established in selective-logged (SLF), clear-cut (CCF), and unlogged (UF) forests. Results indicated that the overstory characteristics of SLF and CCF were lower than that of UF (species richness was 33 in UF, 20 in SLF, and 16 in CCF; DBH was 20.6 ±13.7 cm in UF, 16.9 ±9.7 cm in SLF, and 10.5 ±3.8 cm in CCF; Basal area was 38.2 m2 ha-1 in UF, 24.0 m2 ha-1 in SLF, and 11.4 m2 ha-1 in CCF). For regeneration, species richness also varied from UF (25) to SLF (13) and CCF (5), while seedling density reversely increased. We concluded that a 20-year restoration was insufficient for artificially disturbed forests to recover their ecological functions, regardless of logging intensities and techniques applied.

Contribution to the automation of the calculations involving the forest inventory with the aid of an office computer

1970 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Goossens
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Standing Trees ◽  
General Program ◽  
Magnetic Card ◽  
The Right

Contribution to the automation of the calculations involving  the forest inventory with the aid of an office computer - In this contribution an attempt was made to perform the  calculations involving the forest inventory by means of an office computer  Olivetti P203.     The general program (flowchart 1), identical for all tree species except  for the values of the different parameters, occupies the tracks A and B of a  magnetic card used with this computer. For each tree species one magnetic  card is required, while some supplementary cards are used for the  subroutines. The first subroutine (flowchart 1) enables us to preserve  temporarily the subtotals between two tree species (mixed stands) and so  called special or stand cards (SC). After the last tree species the totals  per ha are calculated and printed on the former, the average trees occuring  on the line below. Appendix 1 gives an example of a similar form resulting  from calculations involving a sampling in a mixed stand consisting of Oak  (code 11), Red oak (code 12), Japanese larch (code 24) and Beech (code 13).  On this form we find from the left to the right: the diameter class (m), the  number of trees per ha, the basal area (m2/ha), the current annual increment  of the basal area (m2/year/ha), current annual volume increment (m3/year/ha),  the volume (m3/ha) and the money value of the standing trees (Bfr/ha). On the  line before the last, the totals of the quantities mentioned above and of all  the tree species together are to be found. The last line gives a survey of  the average values dg, g, ig, ig, v and w.     Besides this form each stand or plot has a so-called 'stand card SC' on  wich the totals cited above as well as the area of the stand or the plot and  its code are stored. Similar 'stand card' may replace in many cases  completely the classical index cards; moreover they have the advantage that  the data can be entered directly into the computer so that further  calculations, classifications or tabling can be carried out by means of an  appropriate program or subroutine. The subroutine 2 (flowchart 2) illustrates  the use of similar cards for a series of stands or eventually a complete  forest, the real values of the different quantities above are calculated and  tabled (taking into account the area). At the same time the general totals  and the general mean values per ha, as well as the average trees are  calculated and printed. Appendix 2 represents a form resulting from such  calculations by means of subroutine 2.

scholarly journals Deriving Tree Size Distributions of Tropical Forests from Lidar

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
Franziska Taubert ◽  
Rico Fischer ◽  
Nikolai Knapp ◽  
Andreas Huth
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Forest Inventories ◽  
Allometric Relations ◽  
Lidar Measurements ◽  
Derived Data

Remote sensing is an important tool to monitor forests to rapidly detect changes due to global change and other threats. Here, we present a novel methodology to infer the tree size distribution from light detection and ranging (lidar) measurements. Our approach is based on a theoretical leaf–tree matrix derived from allometric relations of trees. Using the leaf–tree matrix, we compute the tree size distribution that fit to the observed leaf area density profile via lidar. To validate our approach, we analyzed the stem diameter distribution of a tropical forest in Panama and compared lidar-derived data with data from forest inventories at different spatial scales (0.04 ha to 50 ha). Our estimates had a high accuracy at scales above 1 ha (1 ha: root mean square error (RMSE) 67.6 trees ha−1/normalized RMSE 18.8%/R² 0.76; 50 ha: 22.8 trees ha−1/6.2%/0.89). Estimates for smaller scales (1-ha to 0.04-ha) were reliably for forests with low height, dense canopy or low tree height heterogeneity. Estimates for the basal area were accurate at the 1-ha scale (RMSE 4.7 tree ha−1, bias 0.8 m² ha−1) but less accurate at smaller scales. Our methodology, further tested at additional sites, provides a useful approach to determine the tree size distribution of forests by integrating information on tree allometries.

A Growth and Yield Model for Improved Eastern Cottonwood Plantations in the Lower Mississippi Delta

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quang V. Cao ◽  
Kenneth M. Durand
Keyword(s):  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Mississippi Delta ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Yield Model ◽  
Eastern Cottonwood ◽  
Volume Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield Model

Abstract A compatible growth and yield model was developed based on remeasurement data collected from 183 plots on unthinned improved eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) plantations in the lower Mississippi Delta. The Sullivan and Clutter (1972) equation form was selected for predicting cubic-foot volume yield and projecting volume from site index and initial age and basal area. Yield equations explained 97% and 94%, respectively, of the variations in total outside bark and merchantable inside bark volumes. Mean annual increment of merchantable volume culminated between 8 and 15 years, depending on site index and initial basal area. South. J. Appl. For. 15(4):213-216.

scholarly journals TREE DIAMETER GROWTH FOLLOWING SILVICULTURAL TREATMENTS IN A SEMI-DECIDUOUS SECONDARY FOREST IN CENTRAL BRAZIL

CERNE ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fábio Venturoli ◽  
Augusto César Franco ◽  
Christopher William Fagg
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Silvicultural Treatments ◽  
Timber Market

In the Cerrado biome of Brazil, savannas and dry forests are intimately linked and form mosaics. These forests are composed of species of high commercial value, well accepted in the timber market, which causes intensive deforestation on the remaining vegetation. Thus, the management of these forests is an important alternative to reduce deforestation in the remaining vegetation. The objective of this study was to analyze the response of tree species in relation to silvicultural treatments of competition and liana cutting in a semi-deciduous forest in Central Brazil. The results showed that community basal area increased 24% over 4.8 years and the median periodic annual increment in diameter was about 20% higher in plots with silvicultural treatments: 2.9 mm.yr-1 in the control compared to 3.2 mm.yr-1 to 3.6 mm.yr-1 between treatments. This study demonstrated that it is possible to increase the rates of radial growth through silvicultural techniques.

scholarly journals Thinning Response and Potential Basal Area in a Mixed Sub-humid Low-elevation Oak-Hornbeam Forest

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Neumann ◽  
Hubert Hasenauer
Keyword(s):  
Stand Structure ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Diameter Distribution ◽  
Stem Density ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
A Site ◽  
Water Nutrients ◽  
Related Mortality

Abstract Competition for resources (light, water, nutrients, etc.) limits the size and abundance of alive trees a site can support. This carrying capacity determines the potential carbon sequestration in alive trees as well as the maximum growing stock. Lower stocking through thinning can change growth and mortality. We were interested in the relations between stand structure, increment and mortality using a long-unmanaged oak-hornbeam forest near Vienna, Austria, as case study. We expected lower increment for heavy thinned compared to unmanaged stands. We tested the thinning response using three permanent growth plots, whereas two were thinned (50% and 70% basal area removed) and one remained unmanaged. We calculated stand structure (basal area, stem density, diameter distribution) and increment and mortality of single trees. The heavy thinned stand had over ten years similar increment as the moderate thinned and unthinned stands. Basal area of the unthinned stand remained constant and stem density decreased due to competition-related mortality. The studied oak-hornbeam stands responded well even to late and heavy thinning suggesting a broad “plateau” of stocking and increment for these forest types. Lower stem density for thinned stands lead to much larger tree increment of single trees, compared to the unthinned reference. The findings of this study need verification for other soil and climatic conditions.

Canada's oldest permanent sample plots — thinning in white and red pine

1998 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 606-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darwin Burgess ◽  
Craig Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Woody Debris ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Residual Volume ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Permanent Sample Plots ◽  
Stand Management ◽  
Set Up

Two of the oldest permanent sample plots (PSPs) in Canada were set up at Petawawa, Ontario (45° 57′ N, 77° 34′ W) to examine the effect of thinning on the development of natural white (Pinus strobus L.) and red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait). Field data were collected periodically, starting in 1918 when the stand was 40 years old and continuing for 71 years. Six thinning treatments were completed, beginning in 1918, and then in 1933, 1941, 1959, 1969 and 1989. The intensity of thinning varied through time with 14, 27, 38, 8, 30, and 7% of the basal area removed. The sawlog volume mean annual increment for the thinned plot remained stable at about five m3 ha−1 yr−1, but the sawlog volume periodic annual increment for the control declined markedly during the last 10-year measurement period to less than 2 m3 ha−1 yr−1. The residual volume was higher in the control; but, if the harvested sawlog volume (264.5 m3 ha−1) was added to the residual sawlog volume (301.3 m3 ha−1) for PSP one, then the sawlog production on the thinned plot has been about the same and its residual volume concentrated on fewer, larger and more valuable trees. The level of natural mortality in the control plot (129.7 m3 ha−1 of sawlog volume) was greater than 10 times that in the thinned plot, thereby adding more coarse woody debris to improve wildlife habitat. These two approaches had a major influence on stand development. The approach used will depend on specific stand-level management objectives. Key words: white pine, red pine, natural stand management, shelterwood system, permanent sample plots.

Optimum Management Regimes for Uneven-Aged Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands Managed Under the Selection System in the West Gulf Region

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Hotvedt ◽  
Yvonne F. Abernethy ◽  
Robert M. Farrar
Keyword(s):  
Basal Area ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Selection System ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Annual Increment ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Decision Variables ◽  
Management Regimes ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Optimum Management

Abstract Residual basal area, the ratio of sawtimber to total merchantable basal area, and cutting cycle length were used as decision variables to develop and analyze alternative management regimes for uneven-aged loblolly-shortleaf pine stands managed under the selection system in southernArkansas and northern Louisiana. Sawtimber and pulpwood yields associated with the regimes were calculated from models for all-aged loblolly-shortleaf pine stands with site indices of 85-95 ft (base age 50 yr) developed by Murphy and Farrar (1982, 1983). Optimum economic regimes based on presentnet value (PNV) had low sawtimber to merchantable basal area ratios (0.55) and short cutting cycles (4-5 yr) when compared to the ranges specified for these variables. Optimum sawtimber production regimes based on periodic annual increment (PAI) had high residual basal areas (60-65 ft²/ac),high sawtimber to merchantable basal area ratios (0.70-0.80), and short cutting cycles (4-6 yr). Using sawtimber production as the primary objective in choosing management regimes resulted in a large loss of PNV. The loss of annual sawtimber production was relatively low, however, when PNVwas used as the objective. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):117-122.

Notes on the Beaker Pottery of the Ipswich Museum

1932 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 356-361
Author(s):  
J. G. D. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Height ◽  
Type B ◽  
Restricted Area ◽  
Finger Nail

There are in Ipswich Museum some 18 beakers, more or less complete, together with fragments of at least four more. As these pots are all from a restricted area of south-east Suffolk, and have, with one exception, never before been described, I have undertaken, with the consent and help of the Secretary, to make a few observations upon them. With tine exception of a group from Brantham, and a single example from Wherstead, all the beakers were recovered loose ın gravel digging or cliff-falls. Near Brantham Hall, near the point where the Stour broadens out into its estuary, three beakers were found by Mr. G. Maynard together in the grave of a woman buried with a child; the pots were discovered near the flexed shin bones of the woman. Just south of this grave, was found another one containing a single beaker. Near these graves, which were discovered in gravel-digging, was a disc barrow, from the central part of which Mr. Maynard recovered 16 fragments of a single beaker, while from the trench, the late Mr. E. T. Lingwood succeeded in obtaining a fragment of a second beaker. Of the group from the woman's grave (Figs. 3, 4, 5, Pl. XXVIII.), Fig 3 has a smooth outline with an everted lip, is decorated over its whole area by seventeen horizontal lines coarsely incised, and has a maximum height of 4.9 inches; Fig. 4 is a crudely formed pot standing no more than 3½ inches high, poorly decorated with faint finger-nail impressions; Fig. 5, standing 6 inches high, is of fine paste with the smooth outline typical of Abercromby's type B, decorated with horizontal lines and linear chevrons arranged over the whole surface.

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