GREENHOUSE GAS OFFSETS: ANALYSIS OF BASELINE RULES AND ADDITIONALITY FOR REDUCED NITROGEN APPLICATION ON WHEAT

2014 ◽  
Vol 05 (02) ◽  
pp. 1450002 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN HOROWITZ
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Nitrogen Emissions ◽  
Reduced Nitrogen ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Business As Usual

Agriculture is a source of greenhouse gas emissions that could be included as offsets in a cap-and-trade system. This paper describes offset rules that could be applied to reduced nitrogen fertilizer application on wheat, a source of nitrous oxide emissions. Unlike other papers that have examined offset rules, we do not assume that farmers' business-as-usual nitrogen emissions can be perfectly predicted. We construct a structural model of wheat production and use this, along with Agricultural Resource Management Survey data, to model or estimate participation in the offset market, offset supply conditional on participation, and business-as-usual emissions. We find that roughly two-thirds of the supplied offsets would be non-additional at an allowance price of $15/tonne CO 2-e. Under assumptions about the social damages from greenhouse gas emissions, we find that allowing nitrogen offsets would marginally pass a standard benefit-cost test.

scholarly journals Greenhouse gas emissions from the water–air interface of a grassland river: a case study of the Xilin River

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Hao ◽  
Yu Ruihong ◽  
Zhang Zhuangzhuang ◽  
Qi Zhen ◽  
Lu Xixi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Sand Land ◽  
Very High

AbstractGreenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rivers and lakes have been shown to significantly contribute to global carbon and nitrogen cycling. In spatiotemporal-variable and human-impacted rivers in the grassland region, simultaneous carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions and their relationships under the different land use types are poorly documented. This research estimated greenhouse gas (CO2, CH4, N2O) emissions in the Xilin River of Inner Mongolia of China using direct measurements from 18 field campaigns under seven land use type (such as swamp, sand land, grassland, pond, reservoir, lake, waste water) conducted in 2018. The results showed that CO2 emissions were higher in June and August, mainly affected by pH and DO. Emissions of CH4 and N2O were higher in October, which were influenced by TN and TP. According to global warming potential, CO2 emissions accounted for 63.35% of the three GHG emissions, and CH4 and N2O emissions accounted for 35.98% and 0.66% in the Xilin river, respectively. Under the influence of different degrees of human-impact, the amount of CO2 emissions in the sand land type was very high, however, CH4 emissions and N2O emissions were very high in the artificial pond and the wastewater, respectively. For natural river, the greenhouse gas emissions from the reservoir and sand land were both low. The Xilin river was observed to be a source of carbon dioxide and methane, and the lake was a sink for nitrous oxide.

Analysis of greenhouse gas emissions from 10 biogas plants within the agricultural sector

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1370-1379 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Liebetrau ◽  
T. Reinelt ◽  
J. Clemens ◽  
C. Hafermann ◽  
J. Friehe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Life Cycle Assessments ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Biogas Plants ◽  
Reduce Emissions ◽  
Generation Unit

With the increasing number of biogas plants in Germany the necessity for an exact determination of the actual effect on the greenhouse gas emissions related to the energy production gains importance. Hitherto the life cycle assessments have been based on estimations of emissions of biogas plants. The lack of actual emission evaluations has been addressed within a project from which the selected results are presented here. The data presented here have been obtained during a survey in which 10 biogas plants were analysed within two measurement periods each. As the major methane emission sources the open storage of digestates ranging from 0.22 to 11.2% of the methane utilized and the exhaust of the co-generation units ranging from 0.40 to 3.28% have been identified. Relevant ammonia emissions have been detected from the open digestate storage. The main source of nitrous oxide emissions was the co-generation unit. Regarding the potential of measures to reduce emissions it is highly recommended to focus on the digestate storage and the exhaust of the co-generation.

scholarly journals The use of plant bioactive compounds to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from farmed ruminants

2021 ◽  
pp. 231-260
Author(s):  
Cécile Martin ◽  
◽  
Vincent Niderkorn ◽  
Gaëlle Maxin ◽  
Jessie Guyader ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Plant Lipids ◽  
Ruminant Diets

This chapter focuses on the opportunity to use plant bioactive compounds in ruminant diets for their potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, particularly enteric methane. Nitrous oxide emissions related to urinary nitrogen waste are addressed when information is available. The main families considered are plant lipids and plant secondary compounds (tannins, saponins, halogenated compounds and essential oils). The effects of these compounds in vivo, their mechanisms of action, and their potential adoption on farms are discussed, and future trends in this research area are highlighted.

scholarly journals Greenhouse gas inventory of agriculture in the Czech Republic

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 311-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Exnerová ◽  
E. Cienciala
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Enteric Fermentation ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
The Czech Republic

As a part of its obligations under the Climate Convention, the Czech Republic must annually estimate and report its anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. This also applies for the sector of agriculture, which is one of the greatest producers of methane and nitrous oxide emissions. This paper presents the approaches applied to estimate emissions in agricultural sector during the period 1990–2006. It describes the origin and sources of emissions, applied methodology, parameters and emission estimates for the sector of agriculture in the country. The total greenhouse gas emissions reached 7644 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> eq. in 2006. About 59% (4479 Gg CO<sub>2</sub> eq.) of these emissions has originated from agricultural soils. This quantity ranks agriculture as the third largest sector in the Czech Republic representing 5.3% of the total greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). The emissions under the Czech conditions consist mainly of emissions from enteric fermentation, manure management and agricultural soils. During the period 1990–2006, GHG emissions from agriculture decreased by 50%, which was linked to reduced cattle population and amount of applied fertilizers. The study concludes that the GHG emissions in the sector of agriculture remain significant and their proper assessment is required for sound climate change adaptation and mitigation policies.

scholarly journals The use of agricultural soils as a source of nitrous oxide emission in selected communes of Poland

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Paweł Wiśniewski ◽  
Mariusz Kistowski
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Carbon Economy

Abstract Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the main greenhouse gases, with a nearly 300 times greater potential to produce a greenhouse effect than carbon dioxide (CO2). Almost 80% of the annual emissions of this gas in Poland come from agriculture, and its main source is the use of agricultural soils. The study attempted to estimate the N2O emission from agricultural soils and to indicate its share in the total greenhouse gas emissions in 48 Polish communes. For this purpose, a simplified solution has been proposed which can be successfully applied by local government areas in order to assess nitrous oxide emissions, as well as to monitor the impact of actions undertaken to limit them. The estimated emission was compared with the results of the baseline greenhouse gas inventory prepared for the needs of the low-carbon economy plans adopted by the studied self-governments. This allowed us to determine the share of N2O emissions from agricultural soils in the total greenhouse gas emissions of the studied communes. The annual N2O emissions from agricultural soils in the studied communes range from 1.21 Mg N2O-N to 93.28 Mg N2O-N, and the cultivation of organic soils is its main source. The use of mineral and natural fertilisers, as well as indirect emissions from nitrogen leaching into groundwater and surface waters, are also significant. The results confirm the need to include greenhouse gas emissions from the use of agricultural soils and other agricultural sources in low-carbon economy plans.

scholarly journals Production Profile of Farms and Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4904
Author(s):  
Zofia Koloszko-Chomentowska ◽  
Leszek Sieczko ◽  
Roman Trochimczuk
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Farm Income ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Field Crops ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Net Value Added

The negative impact of agricultural production on the environment is manifested, above all, in the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). The goals of this study were to estimate methane and nitrous oxide emissions at the level of individual farms and indicate differences in emissions depending on the type of production, and to investigate dependencies between greenhouse gas emissions and economic indicators. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions were estimated at three types of farms in Poland, based on FADN data: field crops, milk, and mixed. Data were from 2004–2018. Statistical analysis confirmed the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and economic performance. On milk farms, the value of methane and nitrous oxide emissions increased with increased net value added and farm income. Milk farms reached the highest land productivity and the highest level of income per 1 ha of farmland. On field crops farms, the relationship between net value added and farm income and methane and nitrous oxide emissions was negative. Animals remain a strong determinant of methane and nitrous oxide emissions, and the emissions at milk farms were the highest. On mixed farms, emissions result from intensive livestock and crop production. In farms of the field crops type, emissions were the lowest and mainly concerned crops.

Projected Climate Impacts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Romm
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Science Projects ◽  
Global Action ◽  
Business As Usual

This chapter will discuss what climate science projects will happen this century. The focus will be on the so-called business-as-usual case, which assumes no significant global action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions trends in the foreseeable future. The primary source will be the latest scientific...

How Quickly Should the World Reduce its Greenhouse Gas Emissions?

2021 ◽  
pp. 295-322
Author(s):  
Lucas Stanczyk
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Welfare Economics ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
International Justice ◽  
Intergenerational Justice ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Present Generation ◽  
The World ◽  
Business As Usual

Given the accompanying sacrifices, how quickly should the present generation reduce its greenhouse gas emissions? The dominant framework for thinking about this question continues to be normative welfare economics. This chapter explains why the dominant approach should be rejected, and outlines the structure of what the author has come to think is the correct one. On this approach, requirements of intergenerational justice are understood, not as the means to, but as the most important constraints on maximizing intertemporal welfare. The chapter explains why the main content of these constraints can be given by the theories of social and international justice. Finally, it explains why the non-identity problem does not undermine the recommended way of thinking about intergenerational justice. Even if the business-as-usual baseline in greenhouse gas emissions will never harm any unborn future people, we can still say that humanity is forever subject to a suitably high environmental conservation standard.

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