POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: POST-COMMUNIST NATIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 2050006
Author(s):  
ISMATILLA MARDANOV
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Development Economic ◽  
Economic Institutions ◽  
The World ◽  
Negative Effect

The literature has extensively investigated the relationships between country economic and political institutions and human well-being. I assume that economic institutions can be the determinants of human development and provide a more robust explanation of the latter under the influence of political institutions in the 2SLS instrumental variable estimation than in the ordinary least square (OLS) estimation. I also assume that most of the Post-Communist Nations (PCN) were transitioning their economic and social systems focusing on human development, among other critical reforms and programs. Data confirm this assumption for 22 countries out of 25. Results indicate that there were causal relationships between human development and business, monetary, and investment freedom, and freedom from corruption and government spending. Only government spending had a negative effect on human development. Economic, labor, trade, fiscal, and financial freedom were not endogenous variables with strong instruments. Therefore, these institutions did not have a stronger impact on human development. External validation of the estimates using data from the rest of the world confirms the results. All the mentioned economic institutions had a significant impact on human development in the rest of the world under the influence of the same instrumental variables: political rights, civil liberties, property rights, the median age of the population, and geographic location. Government spending again had a significant and negative effect on human development.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENGARUH BELANJA PENDIDIKAN, BELANJA KESEHATAN, TINGKAT KEMISKINAN DAN PDRB TERHADAP IPM DI PROVINSI ACEH

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-69
Author(s):  
Muliza Muliza ◽  
Teuku Zulham ◽  
Chenny Seftarita
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Random Effect Model ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
City Governments ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Negative Effect

This study aims to look at the influence of the variables government spending on health and education, poverty and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the Human Development Index (HDI) in the province of Aceh. The analytical method used in this research is the analysis of the panel data regression model parameter estimation using a random effects model (REM). The data used is the panel data during the period 2010-2014. The results showed that the variables government spending on education and health sector no significant effect on the human development index, this happens because the district/city governments allocate their spending still more dominant that the type of expenditure that are not directly impact the IPM. While poverty variables significant negative effect on the human development index, then with reduced levels of poverty can enhance human development index. GRDP positive and significant effect on the human development index, which means that the GDP increases, IPM will also increase.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh dari variabel-variabel belanja pemerintah pada sektor kesehatan dan pendidikan, tingkat kemiskinan serta Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) di Provinsi Aceh. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis regresi data panel dengan estimasi parameter model menggunakan random effect model (REM). Data yang digunakan adalah data panel selama periode 2010-2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa variabel pengeluaran pemerintah di sektor pendidikan dan kesehatan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap indeks pembangunan manusia, hal ini terjadi karena pemerintah kabupaten/kota masih lebih dominan mengalokasikan belanjanya yang pada jenis belanja yang secara tidak lansung memberikan pengaruh terhadap IPM. Sedangkan variabel kemiskinan berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap indeks pembangunan manusia, maka dengan menurunnya tingkat kemiskinan dapat meningkatkan indeks pembangunan manusia. PDRB berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap indeks pembangunan manusia, yang berarti PDRB meningkat maka IPM juga akan meningkat.

Institutions and the Global Political Economy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
International Institutions ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Institutions ◽  
Global Political Economy ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

In a comparison of today’s global political economy with that of the last great era of globalization, the late nineteenth century, the most prominent distinction is be the high degree of institutionalization in today’s system. While the nineteenth-century system did have some important international institutions—in particular the gold standard and an emerging network of trade agreements—it had nothing like the scope and depth of today’s powerful international economic institutions. We cannot understand the functioning of today’s global political economy without understanding the sources and consequences of these institutions. Why were international organizations (IOs) such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) or International Monetary Fund (IMF) created? How have they gained so much influence? What difference do they make for the functioning of the global economy and the well-being of individuals around the world? In large part, understanding IOs requires a focus on the tension between the use of power, and rules that are intended to constrain the use of power. IOs are rules-based creatures. They create and embody rules for gaining membership, for how members should behave, for monitoring, for punishment if members renege on their commitments, etc. However, these rules-based bodies exist in the anarchical international system, in which there is no authority above states, and states continue to exercise power when it is in their self-interest to do so. While states create and join IOs in order to make behavior more rule-bound and predictable, the rules themselves reflect the global distribution of power at the time of their creation; and they only constrain to the extent that states find that the benefits of constraint exceed the costs of the loss of autonomy. The tension between rules and power shapes the ways in which international institutions function, and therefore the impact that they have on the global economy. For all their faults, international economic institutions have proven themselves to be an indispensable part of the modern global political economy, and their study represents an especially vibrant research agenda.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KETERKAITAN ANTARA INDEKS PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA DAN PDRB PER KAPITA DI INDONESIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-29
Author(s):  
Ryan Ezkirianto ◽  
Muhammad Findi Alexandi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Development Economic ◽  
Strong Positive Relationship ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Total Government Expenditure

This paper attempts to analyse the two-way relationship between human development and economic growth for 33 provinces in Indonesia during six years period: 2006–2011. The various links in each variabel were analyzed with description analysis, such education, government spending on health and education, total government expenditure, income distribution, and density. The quantitatif analysis used two-stage least square (2SLS) method.  The result shows that there is a strong positive relationship between human development index and GDRP per capita, while education, government spending on health and education, total government expenditure, and income distribution are the important links determining the strength of relationship between human development and economic growth. Keywords: human development, economic growth

Institutions with Global Scope: Moral Cosmopolitanism and Political Practice

2005 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 1-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Jones
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Moral Consideration ◽  
Economic Institutions ◽  
Political Practice ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Basic Rights ◽  
The World ◽  
Critical Scrutiny

This paper attempts to evaluate two arguments dealing with the nature and form of global political institutions. In each case I assume the general plausibility of moral cosmopolitanism, the view that every person in the world is entitled to equal moral consideration regardless of their various memberships in states, classes, nations, religious groups, and the like. The first argument is designed to show that moral cosmopolitans should be committed to the idea that core justice-promoting social, political, and economic institutions must have global scope. It purports to show this by appealing to both the universality constitutive of moral cosmopolitanism and the prima facieplausibility of uniform protections for the basic rights of persons everywhere. These premises are subjected to critical scrutiny, and a qualified version of institutional cosmopolitanism is defended. The second argument considers the case for requiring institutions with global scope to be democratic.

scholarly journals 閱讀Sass: 展望疫症後人類社會的再造

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Kit-sing Derrick AU
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Vantage Point ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Sustainable Human Development ◽  
Digital Commons ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.The COVID-19 pandemic has taken a heavy toll on human life thrown societies across the world into disarray. This article provides a brief reading of and commentary on the article “The coronavirus also attacks political and corporate bodies” by Prof. Hans-Martin Sass. Sass, with his deep concern about the future of human society, assumes a higher vantage point than particular sociopolitical issues to discuss the more fundamental question of interconnectedness in human societies. The pandemic is only one of many potential serious threats to social and political institutions. COVID-19 has hit the world at a time of fragmentation, localism, and disarray. Sass raises substantial questions about what the world in general, and China in particular, may need to consider to ensure the success of rebuilding. Paradoxically, some authors suggest that the pandemic may be an opportunity for sociopolitical reconciliation and sustainable human development in the post-pandemic era.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 9 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC GROWTH V.S. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT – COMPLEMENTARY INDICATORS

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
Vera Karadjova ◽  
Snezhana Dichevska
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
Economic Science ◽  
Mutual Correlation ◽  
The World ◽  
Growth Development

The paper deals with a topic relating to the economic growth, development and general welfare of a national economy, a wider region, or even the entire world, through indicators that differentiate growth from development. It is a complex subject that contains numerous aspects of the life of a community in a certain space, which, because of its complexity, cannot be limited exclusively to economic aspects, so because of that cannot be limited exclusively to economic or monetary indicators. Life in a community besides the economic includes also legal, sociological, philosophical, psychological and other aspects, from which it logically results that measuring the development and welfare is a complex process that can hardly be limited to one indicator. In that sense, the paper addresses issues relating to production, distribution, fairness and equality, employment, unemployment, poverty, productivity, economic stability, sustainable development, human development, a sense of well-being and happiness, etc., in the direction of the thesis for the use of complementary development indicators. The complexity of the process of harmonizing the numerous indicators is further complicated by the need to calculate the degree of their mutual correlation, especially if it concerns divergent indicators or indicators that are mutually exclusive or have a negative correlation. The issue of welfare has been the subject of economic science interest since its very beginnings, even from the time of the first ancient thinkers when it was not singled out as an independent science, through the utopians, to contemporary economic thought. The economic operation and the rational use of limited resources in order to meet unlimited human needs is the heart of the economy. The basic indicator used to measure economic growth is undoubtedly the GDP and GDP per capita. But one has to take into account the distinction between quantitative growth and qualitative development, whereby GDP is an indicator of growth. Development is a broader concept that covers growth, but also technological and any other kind of advancement of the social community. Development as a qualitative feature means the advancement of the qualitative characteristics of society and the well-being of individuals, and the well-being is not only the increase of GDP, but the subjective sense of the people in the community that they live better, a sense of improving the quality of life. Growth and development together make the progress of the community. In this sense the paper elaborates just a few indicators of growth and development that are used parallel, such as GDP, Human Development Index, and the World Happiness index, that do not exclude each other and whose interwoven use gives a fuller picture of growth and development although the ranking of countries around the world according to one of these indicators may be quite different with respect to the ranking according to the other indicator. This only confirms the thesis of the need for a more comprehensive analysis of the analyzed issues and suggestions for a more comprehensive indicator that would be a complementary set of several alternative and complementary ones that would eliminate the shortcomings of its constituent parts, thereby obtaining a relevant indicator of economic development and welfare, without any intention to propose a concrete solution.

Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Mainwaring ◽  
Adam Przeworski ◽  
Michael E. Alvarez ◽  
Jose Antonio Cheibub ◽  
Fernando Limongi
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The World
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