Report on the Policy Coordination Index for the Belt and Road Initiative (2018)

2019 ◽  
Vol 02 (03) ◽  
pp. 1950018
Author(s):  
Yiyuan Chen ◽  
Yaping Wu
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
The Other ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Mutual Trust ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Five Connectivities Index (FCI) is a comprehensive index system designed to quantify the level and progress of connectivity in countries through China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The first connectivity of the five measured is policy coordination, and it is the foundation for the other four. It measures the degree of policy coordination between China and the other countries (94 in 2017) that are participating in the BRI. The average score for the policy coordination of BRI countries was 10.96 in 2018 (for 2017), ranking good coordination, which is consistent with the good level overall of the FCI, which shows that policy coordination between China and the other countries in the BRI was generally good in 2017. The 2018 results show that policy coordination of the 94 countries with China was generally stable, with a few changes. The scores of the countries that work closely with the Chinese Government within the framework of BRI have improved markedly, and the countries that are more passive have lower scores. This paper, interpreting these results, investigates the reasons and specific events that have led to positive and negative effects on policy coordination between China and other BRI countries. In addition, the Pearson correlation measurement for the results of the FCI shows that bilateral political mutual trust is significantly correlated with cooperation results. This indicates that bilateral political mutual trust is the key for ensuring that the BRI is fruitful and stable and has far-reaching effects.

scholarly journals مبادرة الحزام والطريق: نشأة وأهداف / The Belt and Road Initiative: Origin and Objectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89
Author(s):  
Ding Long
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Financial Integration ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Maritime Silk Road ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

Abstract The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a strategy initiated by Chinese government that seeks to connect Asia with Africa and Europe via land and maritime networks with the aim of increasing commercial exchange, stimulating economic growth and improving regional integration. The BRI comprises a Silk Road Economic Belt and a 21st century Maritime Silk Road. The initiative defines five major priorities, namely policy coordination, infrastructure connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration, and people-to-people bonds. The BRI has been associated with large investment programs in infrastructure projects. It is also an increasingly important umbrella mechanism for China’s bilateral trade with BRI partners.

The Belt and Road Initiative and the Middle Corridor: Complementarity or Competition?

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Summer 2021) ◽  
pp. 233-250
Author(s):  
Ejaz Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Regional Market ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Multiple Challenges ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
The U.S

Though the Chinese government has projected the BRI in economic terms, it has been viewed critically by Australia, Japan, and the U.S. Turkey has, as a geostrategic connector of Asia and Europe, registered its trade interest in the BRI along with projecting the Middle Corridor Initiative (MCI) as a means to realize regional market connectivity and commercial cooperation. In view of the aforesaid, this study aims to explain whether the BRI has factored into Turkey’s Asia policy and to what extent the MCI can complement the BRI. Moreover, the study analyzed the existing scale of China-Turkey trade and proposed a set of opportunities offered by both the BRI and the MCI. Nonetheless, the stated opportunities are beset with multiple challenges ranging from transregional instability to socio-economic upheavals. In order to accrue trade dividends in terms of inter-initiative cooperation and connectivity, both China and Turkey will have to play a leading role in developing policy coordination and establishing cultural linkages among the BRI/MCI community. Thus, operationally, Turkey would carry immense influence in Asian affairs economically and strategically.

scholarly journals RESEARCH ON CHINA MONGOLIA ECONOMIC AND TRADE COOPERATION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mavidkhaan Baasandulam
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Industrial Structure ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Mutual Trust ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

Since 1978, China's economy has opened to the world. Over the past 40 years, China’s capital stock has grown at an annual rate of 6.9%. China began to implement the “Going out” policy in 2002, mainly to promote its overseas investment activities. The Chinese government launched a rescue plan of 4 trillion yuan in 2008, hoping to shift from export led growth to promote the expansion of the internal market. In this paper, China imports to Mongolia have increased year by year, accounting for 33.5% of its imports in 2018. China has pledged to invest globally by 1.25 trillion USD in 2025, and has increased investment in Mongolian mineral deposits. When the Chinese economy was in the “New Normal”, it proposed the “Belt and Road” initiative. To strengthen the connection between the “Belt and Road” and the “Steppe Silk Road” initiative, 32 projects will be implement in Mongolia. After reform and opening up, China has made great achievements. But, the upgrading of industrial structure and technological progress are still slow, economic growth continues to slow down, the aging population is becoming more serious, and the production capacity is seriously surplus. From Mongolia, there are abundant natural resources, and the mining industry is driving economic growth. The economic growth rate is relatively fast, but the industrial structure is single, the evolution of the industrial technology system is stagnation, and the human resources are insufficient, resulting in excessive dependence on foreign trade. The economic situation depends on the neighboring countries, the inflation is serious, and the unemployment rate remains high. Therefore, under such circumstances, China and Mongolia should make good use of the geographical advantages of their neighbors, enhance mutual trust, strengthen economic trade cooperation, maintain the unity of their countries and maintain the strategic balance of international power and jointly create political mutual trust and economic cooperation. This paper takes China Mongolian cooperation as the main research line, and explores new ways for economic and trade cooperation to promote the upgrading of industrial structure and sustained economic growth of the two countries. In addition, as the main component of the “Belt and Road” initiative, Mongolia strengthens economic and trade cooperation with China and promotes the improvement of the level of cooperation between the two countries, and can also achieve long term common development.

Demystifying the Belt and Road Initiative: China’s domestic and non-strategic policy?

2021 ◽  
pp. 205789112110388
Author(s):  
Yuan Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Global Strategy ◽  
Chinese Economy ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
One Belt One Road ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Strategic Policy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a central policy of the Chinese government. The initiative is directly associated with President Xi Jinping, who first put forward the BRI in Kazakhstan and Indonesia in 2013, initially as One Belt One Road. Different from repetitive literature that concludes the BRI as China's global strategy, this article makes a contribution to argue that the BRI is China's domestic and non-strategic policy. To justify this argument, this article analyses how the BRI has been embedded into aspects of Chinese domestic policy by revealing its nexuses with Chinese domestic economy, politics and ideology. To deepen the understanding of the BRI's connection with the Chinese economy, this article explores the link between the BRI and China's supply-side structural reform. Meanwhile, this research demystifies the BRI as a global strategy and the difference between joining and rejecting the BRI to prove the BRI's non-strategic essence. In the end, this article discusses the BRI's far-reaching geopolitical influence.

We Should Push Countries along “Belt and Road Initiative” to Build Green Supply Chain

2018 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 1850006
Author(s):  
Jingyan Fu
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
International Cooperation ◽  
Green Supply Chain ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Ecological Benefits ◽  
The People ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Belt And Road

Building a green supply chain in the countries along the “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) route will not only generate huge economic and ecological benefits, it will also profit people in these countries and encourage the people in these countries to identify with the BRI as well as advance the development of this Initiative. Therefore, this research suggests the Chinese government taking the lead in jointly building a green supply chain with countries along BRI after the “Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation” in July 2017.

Repositioning China in the Global Education Hierarchy Through the Sino–Foreign Educational Partnerships in the Belt and Road Initiative

2020 ◽  
pp. 162-179
Author(s):  
Jie Gao
Keyword(s):  
Global Education ◽  
Educational Programs ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Educational Partnerships ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
History Of ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Foreign Education ◽  
The Belt And Road

Chapter 9 explores the roles of Sino–foreign education partnerships (SFEP) within China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), in particular, how it has been shifted from a strategic tool to reform and upgrade China’s domestic higher education sector, to becoming a diplomatic instrument for building connections between China and the regions and countries along the BRI routes. The history of the development of SFEP reveals how policy and regulation have evolved. The shifting paradigm of the Chinese government, through its MOE (Ministry of Education), in regulating SFEP provides a window into the grand transformation of China’s narrative towards its position in the global education hierarchy. China is shifting from the follower/importer of “advanced foreign educational programs,” to a proactive player that builds a platform and framework for educational collaboration in the world. Now, China is becoming an initiator/exporter of its own educational programs and culture along the belt and road.

scholarly journals Economic Complexity Based Recommendation Enhance the Efficiency of the Belt and Road Initiative

Entropy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Liao ◽  
Xiao-Min Huang ◽  
Alexandre Vidmer ◽  
Yi-Cheng Zhang ◽  
Ming-Yang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Location ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Recommendation Algorithm ◽  
Development Direction ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Belt And Road ◽  
The Ideal

The Belt and Road initiative (BRI) was announced in 2013 by the Chinese government. Its goal is to promote the cooperation between European and Asian countries, as well as enhancing the trust between members and unifying the market. Since its creation, more and more developing countries are joining the initiative. Based on the geographical location characteristics of the countries in this initiative, we propose an improvement of a popular recommendation algorithm that includes geographic location information. This recommendation algorithm is able to make suitable recommendations of products for countries in the BRI. Then, Fitness and Complexity metrics are used to evaluate the impact of the recommendation results and measure the country’s competitiveness. The aim of this work is to provide countries’ insights on the ideal development direction. By following the recommendations, the countries can quickly increase their international competitiveness.

China’s ‘Belt and Road Initiative’: Implication for Land Locked Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mesafint Tarekegn Yalew ◽  
Guo Changgang
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Global Strategy ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Trade And Investment

This article analyses the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and its implications for landlocked Ethiopia. Primary and secondary data sources are used to solicit viable information. The BRI is aimed to enhance policy coordination, financial integration, promote trade and investment, cultural exchanges and people-to-people relations across a wide geographical area involving Asia, Europe and Africa. The BRI is the next step in China’s global strategy after the reform and opening-up period, and it is important for job creation, infrastructural development, trade and investment and other related developments for landlocked least developing countries such as Ethiopia. For instance, the construction of the early BRI project of Addis Ababa–Djibouti railway has reduced transport costs and shortened the transport time from 3 days to 10 hours. Besides, the establishment of the East African Free Trade Agreement (FTA) at Djibouti by the Chinese government to facilitate trade in the region. Cumulatively, the BRI contributes to the growth of trade and investment opportunities for landlocked Ethiopia in terms of financing, infrastructure development and regional integration.

The Belt and Road Initiative and the Transformation of Globalization

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
Professor Biliang Hu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Economies ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
New Era ◽  
The Future ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Governance Institutions ◽  
The Belt And Road

Globalisation contributed to the economic, social, political and cultural development of the deve- loped and developing countries. At the same time, it had an adverse effect, which is in-creasing disparity of income between various social groups and countries. The continuation of such process will lead to the weakening of globalisation, so there is a need to transform globalisation. According to the Author, the initiative of China, entitled: New Belt and New Road is an example of such actions and will contribute to giving new impetus to the process of globalisation in the future. <b>Globalization is now facing one of the biggest challenges in the history: British exit from the EU (Brexit), USA’s quit from the Paris Agreement on climate change, USA also quitted from TPP agreement as well as from UNESCO. People start worry about the next moves of globalization. Therefore, we need to discuss the future of globalization seriously. </b> Clearly, globalization brought very positive impact on economic, social, political and cultural developments for all the countries including the developed as well as developing economies. However, globalization also brought some negative effects, such as the income disparity among different groups of people and different countries. It has been continually enlarging, not narrowing down in the process of globalization. How to deal with the continual globalization? Of course there are different ways. We have been seeing the rising of the nationalism, the protectionism in some of the countries, we have been seeing withdraws of some countries from the global governance institutions. At the same time, we find that China has been making great efforts not only pushing forward the continual globalization but also trying to transfer the old style globalization to the new style globalization which is what I called the transformation of globalization in the new era through the Belt and Road Initiative.

scholarly journals Defining the Building Blocks and the Priority Areas for Cooperation Under the Belt and Road Initiative

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
Yaktor Joshua Inusa ◽  
Doris Hooi Chyee Toe ◽  
Kum Weng Yong
Keyword(s):  
Financial Integration ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Belt And Road Initiative ◽  
Priority Areas ◽  
Belt And Road ◽  
Collective Development ◽  
The Belt And Road

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a China’s endeavour to globally connect the countries along two major routes. This paper examines the keywords defining the building blocks and priority areas under the BRI and their relationship in order to foster a practical understanding of the BRI for enhancing regional cooperation and connectivity along the routes. The methodology employed was a systematic literature review involving four stages. Firstly, a broad search in the Scopus database (2016-2020) using BRI or similar terms returned n=1,710 articles which were further limited using the keywords: building blocks, priority areas, policy coordination, infrastructure connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration and people-to-people exchange. Other keywords considered were community and Silk Road. The articles were then screened and assessed resulting in 155 articles reviewed in this study. The review reveals that while the building blocks are the aim motivating the BRI, hence the spirit behind it, the five priority areas provide practical methods through which China and other countries along the Belt and Road routes will focus their collective development. The relationship between the two aspects owes to the fact that people are involved at all spheres of the initiative bringing about emphasis on the people-to-people exchange which is a core part of social dimension in sustainable development. In contribution, this paper presents a unique perspective for looking at the BRI for a focused discussion of its cooperative framework which could serve as a foundation for further research in various sectors

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document