scholarly journals Using spreadsheets to produce stacked histogram, stacked line and spindle charts

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-104
Author(s):  
Jeremy R. Young ◽  
Markus Geisen
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Data ◽  
Computer Programs ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Indirect Approach ◽  
Rapid Methods ◽  
Size Classes

Abstract. INTRODUCTIONBy far the most widely available computer programs for recording, manipulating, and displaying numerical data are spreadsheets, such as Microsoft Excel™ and Lotus 1-2-3™. These are powerful and flexible tools and for most workers this is an obvious way of recording micropalaeontological data. However, they have been primarily produced for business users and have limited abilities when it comes to plotting scientific graphs. This note describes some indirect but rapid methods, for using the standard graphing tools in such packages, to produce additional types of graphs of value to micropalaeontologists.STACKED HISTOGRAM CHARTSFigure 1 is a stacked histogram chart, produced in Microsoft Excel™. This type of diagram is useful, for instance, in displaying variations in size of a species between samples through a section. Stacked histogram charts are not directly supported by any spreadsheets that I have seen. As a result, they can usually only be produced by rather inefficient techniques. For example, making a separate chart for each sample and then combining them in a graphics program. The indirect approach used here is to separate each true data series with a mirror image padding data series, which is not displayed. The entire diagram is then plotted as a single chart. The steps for doing this are:(1) Enter the data (specimens per size class) in a spreadsheet (samples v. size classes).(2) Between each pair of data columns insert a column with equations which will calculate mirror image padding data. These will have the form C3 = . . .

Screening of F1 progeny for selection of superior hybrids in mulberry (Morus spp.) - A simple approach PART I: Screening of seedlings in relation to seed size

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 5256
Author(s):  
Daryoush Shafiei ◽  
Prof. Basavaiah*
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Screening Process ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Morus Spp ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Size Grading

In mulberry (Morus spp.), the process of selection of promising hybrids from F1 population requires the screening of a large number of progenies and a long period. To develop a simple and faster approach for screening, studies were conducted using F1 seeds of two crosses. The details of screening studies conducted in relation to seed-size and seedling-size are reported separately in two parts. In this part, the F1 seeds were size-graded as small, medium and large seeds; their progenies were raised separately and screened in nursery. There was a considerable degree of variation in size of seeds and medium-size class seeds were in high percentage in both the crosses. The length, width and weight of seeds were also varied between the seed size classes significantly in both the crosses. The seed size classes differ with high significance in shoot length and Root collar diameter and also differ significantly in root length and weight of seedlings. The positive correlation between the seed size and growth of seedlings, seed size and germination, seed size and seedling survival in nursery indicated that size-grading of seeds and rejection of small seeds in the beginning of screening process may help to increase the efficiency of screening by increasing the chances of getting superior hybrids from limited progenies. However, confirmation on the performance of large seedlings from small seed size class may help to draw conclusion. Hence, the studies are continued with size- grading of seedlings in the next part of screening study.

scholarly journals The Abundance of Microcystin-Producing Genotypes Correlates Positively with Colony Size in Microcystis sp. and Determines Its Microcystin Net Production in Lake Wannsee

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 787-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Kurmayer ◽  
Guntram Christiansen ◽  
Ingrid Chorus
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Colony Size ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Net Production ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Genotype Composition ◽  
Working Hypotheses

ABSTRACT The working hypotheses tested on a natural population of Microcystis sp. in Lake Wannsee (Berlin, Germany) were that (i) the varying abundance of microcystin-producing genotypes versus non-microcystin-producing genotypes is a key factor for microcystin net production and (ii) the occurrence of a gene for microcystin net production is related to colony morphology, particularly colony size. To test these hypotheses, samples were fractionated by colony size with a sieving procedure during the summer of 2000. Each colony size class was analyzed for cell numbers, the proportion of microcystin-producing genotypes, and microcystin concentrations. The smallest size class of Microcystis colonies (<50 μm) showed the lowest proportion of microcystin-producing genotypes, the highest proportion of non-microcystin-producing cells, and the lowest microcystin cell quotas (sum of microcystins RR, YR, LR, and WR). In contrast, the larger size classes of Microcystis colonies (>100 μm) showed the highest proportion of microcystin-producing genotypes, the lowest proportion of non-microcystin-producing cells, and the highest microcystin cell quotas. The microcystin net production rate was nearly one to one positively related to the population growth rate for the larger colony size classes (>100 μm); however, no relationship could be found for the smaller size classes. It was concluded that the variations found in microcystin net production between colony size classes are chiefly due to differences in genotype composition and that the microcystin net production in the lake is mainly influenced by the abundance of the larger (>100-μm) microcystin-producing colonies.

Quality of soil from the nickel mining area of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, engineered using earthworms (Pheretima sp.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 2995-3005
Author(s):  
Hasbullah Syaf ◽  
Muhammad Albar Pattah ◽  
Laode Muhammad Harjoni Kilowasid
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Soil Aggregates ◽  
Aggregate Size ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Nickel Mining

Earthworms (Pheretima sp.) could survive under abiotic stress soil conditions. Furthermore, their activities as ecosystem engineers allow for the creation of soil biostructures with new characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of the abundance of Pheretima sp. on the aggregate size, physicochemistry, and biology of the topsoil from the nickel mining area of Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. It was carried out by first grouping their abundance into zero, two, four, six, and eight individuals per pot and then carrying out tests. The Pheretima sp. were then released onto the surface of the topsoil and mixed with biochar that was saturated with tap water in the pot overnight. The results showed that the abundance of the species had a significant effect on the size class distribution, and aggregate stability of the soil. Furthermore, the size of the soil aggregates formed was dominated by the size class 2.83 - 4.75 mm under both dry and wet conditions. Under dry conditions, three size classes were found, while under wet conditions, there were five size classes. The results also showed that the highest and lowest stability indexes occurred with zero and eight Pheretima sp., respectively. Furthermore, the abundance had a significant effect on pH, organic C, total N, CEC, and total nematodes. However, it had no significant effect on the total P, C/N ratio, total AMF spores, and flagellate. The highest soil pH occurred with zero Pheretima sp., while with six and two members of the species, the total nematode was at its highest and lowest populations, respectively. Therefore, it could be concluded that the species was able to create novel conditions in the topsoils at the nickel mining area that were suitable for various soil biota.

Diet of the endangered spirlin (Alburnoides bipunctatus) at the centre of its distribution in Europe

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (11) ◽  
pp. 1712
Author(s):  
L. Marszał ◽  
M. Grzybkowska ◽  
D. Błońska ◽  
J. Leszczyńska ◽  
M. Przybylski
Keyword(s):  
Resource Use ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Habitat Segregation ◽  
Chironomid Larvae ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Distribution In Europe

The feeding habits of spirlin Alburnoides bipunctatus were investigated in a tributary of the River Vistula (Poland). To evaluate size-related patterns of resource use, fish were assigned to three size classes, defined according to size at first maturation: small (29–70-mm total length, TL), medium (71–90mm TL) and large (91–104mm TL). There was a significant ontogenetic shift in the feeding pattern among size classes, marked by differences in the proportion of the main taxonomic groups of prey consumed: small spirlin primarily consumed chironomid larvae, whereas medium and large spirlin showed a preference for Coleoptera, Ephemeroptera and imagines of unidentified insects. The proportion of prey taken from the water column was significantly lower for small- than medium- and large-sized spirlin. This difference was attributed to the benthic habits of small spirlin compared with medium and large spirlin. The shift to open water feeding in spirlin corresponded with sexual maturation, with habitat segregation between the smallest size class (comprising juveniles) and larger size classes (mature individuals). Size-specific changes in the diet composition of this species have not previously been documented.

Behaviour studies on the mobility of two species of abalone (Haliotis tuberculata and H. discus hannai) on sand: Implications for reseeding programmes

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 681 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Werner ◽  
S Flothmann ◽  
G Burnell
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Haliotis Tuberculata

The moving behaviour of two species of abalone (H. tuberculata and H. discus hannai) on sand was studied in laboratory experiments with two size classes. Test animals of all experimental groups left solid substrata and moved across sand areas. The smaller size class (11-22 mm) was significantly less mobile than the larger size class (29-40 mm) in both species, and H. discus hannai showed higher mobility than did H. tuberculata. Lack of food was a significant incentive to move for both species and both size classes. For H. discus hannai, the stress of handling and exposure to the new environment caused increased movement that decreased as the animals acclimated. The significance of these findings for fisheries management and reseeding programmes is discussed, in particular as a possible explanation for the frequently reported 'unaccounted for' lost seed abalone.

scholarly journals THE RELIGIOUS STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION OF THE APUSENI MOUNTAINS

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-120
Author(s):  
Mădălin-Sebastian LUNG ◽  
◽  
Gabriela-Alina MUREȘAN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
The Political ◽  
Distinct Population ◽  
Gis Technology ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Apuseni Mountains ◽  
The One

This paper aims to analyse the religious structure and its evolution in the Apuseni Mountains (Romania). Thusly, we employed statistical data from three distinct population censuses, the first one being the Austro-Hungarian census of 1880. The next one was the one in 1930, organised by Romanian authorities. Furthermore, it was the first and most important demographic census after the Great Union of 1918. The last census taken into consideration was the one in 2011, the second census of the 21st century. After obtaining the numerical data from the three censuses, we processed it using Microsoft Excel. Three tables were generated, emphasizing the numerical values and the percentages for each religion or confession for each census. The map depicting the geographic location of the study area was developed using GIS technology (ArcGis 10.3). We determined that Christians have been dominating the Apuseni Mountains and the Orthodox faith had and still has the most adherents. Likewise, the political-administrative factor heavily influenced census operations and also produced imbalances in the religious structure, especially after the 1948 abolition of the monarchy.

scholarly journals Wood Changes in Four Size Classes of Fire-Killed Western Larch

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
Marcus B. Jackson ◽  
Beverly M. Bulaon ◽  
Michael A. Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Size Class ◽  
Larix Occidentalis ◽  
Western Larch ◽  
Wood Volume ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Decay Wood ◽  
Large Trees

Abstract Four size classes (8–12, 12.1–16, 16.1–20, and 20.1+ in. dbh) of fire-killed western larch (Larix occidentalis) were monitored and dissected over a 5-year period to assess causes and rates ofpostfire wood changes. Defect and merchantable volume were assessed by a certified scaler during the first 3 years. A greater proportion of wood volume in small trees was affected by decay, wood borers, and checks than in the large trees. Half of the 8‐12 in. dbh size class wood volumewas lost to postfire defects, whereas less than 15% of the 20.1+ in. dbh size class wood volume was lost to postfire defects after 3 years.

scholarly journals Investigation of evolutionary effects on the relative frequency of sexual reproduction in freshwater diatoms

Phytotaxa ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
VIRGINIA M. CARD ◽  
MEEGEN CARRA
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Asexual Reproduction ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Size Class Distribution ◽  
Sexual And Asexual Reproduction

There are substantial ecological and evolutionary costs to sexual reproduction and there is only a narrow range of conditions that favors the evolution of high rates of sexual reproduction in species that are capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction. Considering the evolutionary costs and benefits of sexual reproduction, it was hypothesized that the frequency of sexual reproduction relative to asexual reproduction in diatoms would be greater for attached pennates and lower for planktonic centrics. This was investigated by comparison of the size-class distributions of the attached pennate, Rhopalodia gibba (Ehrenberg) Müller 1895 and the planktonic centric Cyclotella meneghiniana Kützing 1844 collected from the littoral zone of Lake Phalen in St. Paul Minnesota, USA. Numerical combination of binomial functions was used to infer the number of significant occurrences of sexual reproduction contributing to the size-class distribution of each population, with the frequency of sexual reproduction relative to asexual reproduction inferred from the number of binomial curves contributing to the distribution. The size-class profile of C. meneghiniana was unimodal, dominated by a single peak at 12 µm, with additional contributing curves with peaks at 15 µm and 18 µm. The size-class profile of R. gibba was bimodal, dominated by peaks at 46 µm and 60 µm, with additional contributing curves with peaks at 36 µm, 73 µm, and 84 µm. The results of this investigation were robust with respect to difference between the species in sample size and number of size-classes, although the analysis method is sensitive to differences in the number of size-classes. The results supported the hypothesis, and demonstrate the principle that size-class analysis of diatom populations can be used to investigate evolutionary hypotheses about differences among taxa in the relative frequency of sexual and asexual reproduction.

scholarly journals A VBA module simulation for finding optimal lag order in time series models and its use on teaching financial data computation

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Mustafa ◽  
Abdulnasser Hatemi-J
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Visual Basic ◽  
Financial Data ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Time Series Models ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Step Process ◽  
Visual Basic For Applications ◽  
Multiple Variables

In this study, a tool has been designed and developed for learning about the concept of lag order within a dynamic model, which can be used in any teaching classes on statistics and financial data computation. To show a solution for a complex and multi-step process of finding the optimal lag order for multiple variables data series based on an information criterion a module using Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) for Microsoft Excel (MS Excel) is being developed. This module can be used for estimating a multivariate dynamic model as well as determining the optimal lag order of such a model.

Diet, feeding behaviour and habitat utilisation of the blue stingray Dasyatis chrysonota (Smith, 1828) in South African waters

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 957 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Ebert ◽  
Paul D. Cowley
Keyword(s):  
Surf Zone ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Behaviour Pattern ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Important Prey ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Large Size Class

Analysis of stomach contents for Dasyatis chrysonota revealed that diet varied with size and habitat. The diet of all size classes in the surf zone was comprised primarily of Callianassa spp., Donax spp. and unidentified polychaete species. The medium and large size classes fed primarily on Donax spp., whereas the very large size class fed mainly on Callianassa spp. Polychaetes were of secondary importance as prey for the medium size class. The diet of D. chrysonota in the nearshore zone consisted mainly of Balanoglossus capensis and Callianassa spp. Balanoglossus capensis decreased from an index of relative importance (IRI) of 75.3% for the medium size class to 59.9% for the very large size class, whereas Callianassa spp. increased from 22.8% to 39.4% between the medium and the very large size classes. The offshore zone was the only area in which small size class D. chrysonota were caught. The diet of these small D. chrysonota was primarily polychaetes and amphipods. Polychaetes increased in importance in the medium size class, but declined in each successively larger size class. Conversely, Pterygosquilla armata capensis became the single most important prey item for the very large size class, comprising an IRI of 50.9%. The behaviour pattern used by D. chrysonota to locate and extract prey is described.

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