Indiana Limestone: America's building stone

2019 ◽  
Vol 486 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nelson R. Shaffer
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Building Stone ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Building Stones ◽  
Empire State Building ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Academic Buildings ◽  
Indiana Limestone ◽  
Good Workability ◽  
Research Centres

AbstractIndiana Limestone is one of the most used and versatile building stones in the USA. It is a uniform, carbonate grainstone formed during the Mississippian Subperiod of the Carbonifereous. The stone has excellent physical properties, good workability, fire resistance, durability, sustainability, reserves sufficient for hundreds of years, remarkable history, and is available in pleasing colours and textures. Indiana Limestone is used extensively for important buildings, homes, or carved as accents and sculptures, as well as other uses. At one time it was estimated that 60–80% of important US stone buildings were built with Indiana Limestone. This stone has been used for significant, even iconic buildings such as the Empire State Building and the Yankee Stadium, the Pentagon and many other government buildings, even religious structures such as the National Cathedral in Washington, DC, notable houses such as the Biltmore House in North Carolina, many Chicago landmarks, plus libraries, research centres, academic buildings and museums, across the USA. Sculptures throughout the USA and other countries are made of Indiana Limestone. The stone has good sustainability and is incorporated into the very culture of the state of Indiana and America. Indiana Limestone merits designation as a Global Heritage Stone Resource.

Fingerprinting the provenance of building stones: a case study on the Louvigné and Lanhélin granitic rocks (Armorican massif, France)

2014 ◽  
Vol 185 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudine Malfilatre ◽  
Erwan Hallot ◽  
Philippe Boulvais ◽  
Marc Poujol ◽  
Annick Chauvin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Stone ◽  
Granitic Rocks ◽  
Magnetic Characteristics ◽  
Building Stones ◽  
Intrinsic Variability ◽  
Geological Unit ◽  
Qualitative Variables ◽  
Identity Cards ◽  
Armorican Massif

Abstract Two examples of granitic stones from Brittany (western France) commercialized under the names of “gris-bleu de Louvigné” and “bleu de Lanhélin” were characterized in order to explore how the provenance of a building stone can be traced back with a maximum of confidence. For this purpose, petrographical, geochemical and magnetic characteristics, representing more than 70 quantitative and qualitative variables, were compiled for a total of 32 samples. We have defined two reference populations for these building stones and have extracted their discriminative characteristics. We have then compared four randomly selected samples and two foreign commercial counterparts of these stones to the reference populations. Discriminative variables differ from one case of comparison to the other, which indicates that a combination of various tools and variables will be generally required to unequivocally fingerprint the origin of a given granitic stone. Where several quarries are mining a single geological unit within a composite intrusion, the provenance of a granitic rock can be defined at the scale of the intrusion. In addition, stones coming from two different intrusions from the same batholith can be distinguished. We conclude that the provenance of any granitic building stone is identifiable, especially if the intrinsic variability of a population of samples representative of that stone has been previously circumscribed. This study underlines that the compilation of databases for building stone identity cards is an essential first step toward the creation of official labels guaranteeing stone provenances.

Understanding the decay of stone-built cultural heritage

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Smith ◽  
M. Gomez-Heras ◽  
S. McCabe
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Building Stone ◽  
Stone Decay ◽  
Building Stones ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Built Heritage ◽  
Common Misconceptions

The problem of the decay and conservation of stone-built heritage is a complex one, requiring input across many disciplines to identify appropriate remedial steps and management strategies. Over the past few decades, earth scientists have brought a unique perspective to this challenging area, drawing on traditions and knowledge obtained from research into landscape development and the natural environment. This paper reviews the crucial themes that have arisen particularly, although not exclusively, from the work of physical geographers — themes that have sought to correct common misconceptions held by the public, as well as those directly engaged in construction and conservation, regarding the nature, causes and controls of building stone decay. It also looks to the future, suggesting how the behaviour of building stones (and hence the work of stone decay scientists) might alter in response to the looming challenge of climate change.

scholarly journals Practical implications of naloxone knowledge among suburban people who use opioids

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin E. Schneider ◽  
Glenna J. Urquhart ◽  
Saba Rouhani ◽  
Ju Nyeong Park ◽  
Miles Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Public Health Response ◽  
Baltimore City ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Response ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract Background Naloxone distribution programs have been a cornerstone of the public health response to the overdose crisis in the USA. Yet people who use opioids (PWUO) continue to face a number of barriers accessing naloxone, including not knowing where it is available. Methods We used data from 173 PWUO from Anne Arundel County, Maryland, which is located between Baltimore City and Washington, DC. We assessed the prevalence of recently (past 6 months) receiving naloxone and currently having naloxone, the type(s) of the naloxone kits received, and the perceived ease/difficultly of accessing naloxone. We also assessed participants knowledge of where naloxone was available in the community. Results One third (35.7%) of participants had recently received naloxone. Most who had received naloxone received two doses (72.1%), nasal naloxone (86.9%), and education about naloxone use (72.1%). Most currently had naloxone in their possession (either on their person or at home; 78.7%). One third (34.4%) believed naloxone was difficult to obtain in their community. Only half (56.7%) knew of multiple locations where they could get naloxone. The health department was the most commonly identified naloxone source (58.0%). Identifying multiple sources of naloxone was associated with being more likely to perceive that naloxone is easy to access. Discussion Our results suggest that additional public health efforts are needed to make PWUO aware of the range of sources of naloxone in their communities in order to ensure easy and continued naloxone access to PWUO.

Ustilago syntherismae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. M. Mordue
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
South Dakota ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
New Hampshire ◽  
Far East ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Loose Smut

Abstract A description is provided for Ustilago syntherismae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Digitaria spp., including D. filiformis, D. ischaemum, D. sanguinalis. DISEASE: Loose smut of Digitaria. Infection sometimes dwarfs the host and causes it to branch more profusely than usual (36, 657); it is also reported that vegetative vigour is much prolonged in infected plants compared with uninfected (30, 432). Surface contamination by the large number of ustilospores when shed may result in some discolouration of the entire inflorescence including sheaths and leaf blades. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: 'Congo', Gambia, Kenya, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Asia: Azerbaijan, China, Republic of Georgia, India, Japan, Pakistan, Russia (central Asia, far east); Australasia: Australia: NSW (31, 225); Europe: Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark (39, 284), Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia (European region), Ukraine (52, 354); North America: Canada (Ontario; 46, 3383), Mexico, USA (Alabama, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Washington DC, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, IA, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, MD, ME, Michigan, Montana, Missouri, MS, North Carolina, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia; 69, 2765); South America: Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay. (33, 634; 40, 209; 48, 2203; 50, 2756; 64, 4163). TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported; ustilospores are presumably disseminated by air currents and infection is thought to be systemic.

Chaetomium funicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Minter
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Horticultural Crops

Abstract C. funicola is described and illustrated. Information on host range (mainly field and horticultural crops, trees, wood, dung, man and artefacts), geographical distribution (Democratic Republic of Congo; Ethiopia; Ghana; Kenya; Nigeria; Sierra Leone; South Africa; Tanzania; Togo; Uganda; Zambia; Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Nova Scotia and Ontario, Canada); Mexico; California, Florida, Iowa, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Washington DC and West Virginia, USA; Nicaragua; Panama; Brazil; Chile; Uruguay; Venezuela; Fujian and Hongkong, China; India; Indonesia; Japan; Malaysia; Pakistan; Papua New Guinea; Philippines; Sri Lanka; Thailand; Capital Territory, Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia; New Zealand; Dominica; Jamaica; Belgium; France; Great Britain; Romania; Sweden; Ukraine; Mauritius; and USSR, and conservation status is presented.

Abstract 13692: Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Atrial Fibrillation Risk in African American Veterans

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Apostolos Tsimploulis ◽  
charles faselis ◽  
Eric J Rashba ◽  
Hans Moore ◽  
Pamela Karasik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
African American ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Metabolic Equivalents ◽  
Exercise Treadmill ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Models ◽  
Cv Disease

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia, affecting >10 million in the USA. The beneficial effects of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) on cardiovascular (CV) diseases are well-documented. Interestingly, African American (AA) individuals are less prone to develop AF. Little is known about the association between CRF and AF in AA men. Hypothesis: CRF-AF risk association in AA men. Methods: We identified 11,216 AA Veterans with a mean age (±SD) 58±11 years who completed a symptom-limited exercise treadmill test at the VAMCs in Washington DC and Palo Alto CA. None exhibited evidence of ischemia or AF during and prior to it. We established four fitness groups based on age-specific quartiles of peak metabolic equivalents (METs) achieved: Least-Fit: 4.4 ±1.2 METs (n=2,530); Moderate-Fit: 6.6±1.3 METs (n=3,361); Fit: 8.1±1.4 METs (n=2,719) and High-Fit: 11.2±2.4 METs (n=2,606). AF was identified by a search of the medical records CPRS (database) using ICD coding and verified by 2 investigators. Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for age, CV disease, CV medications and risk factors were constructed to assess the CRF-AF association. P-values <0.05 using two sided tests were considered statistically significant. Results: During a mean follow-up period of 10.7±6.2 years, 1,423 patients developed AF; 421(16.6%) in the Least-Fit, 366 (10.9%) in Moderate-Fit, 323 (11.9%) in Fit and 313 (12%) in the High-Fit group. The CRF-AF association was inverse and graded. When compared to the patients in the Least-Fit group, the AF risk in the Moderate-Fit group was 29% lower (HR=0.71; 95% CI: 0.62-0.82, p<0.001). For Fit and High-Fit patients, the risk was 37% (HR=0.63; 95% CI: 0.54-0.73, p<0.001) and 51.0% lower (HR=0.49; 95% CI: 0.42-0.57, p<0.001), respectively. Conclusion: In this cohort, higher fitness levels reduced and delayed the risk of atrial fibrillation. The CRF-AF association was inverse, graded and independent of comorbidities.

scholarly journals Oxygen and sulfur mass-independent isotopic signatures in black crusts: the complementary negative Δ<sup>33</sup>S reservoir of sulfate aerosols?

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 4255-4273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Genot ◽  
David Au Yang ◽  
Erwan Martin ◽  
Pierre Cartigny ◽  
Erwann Legendre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Stone ◽  
Black Crust ◽  
Sulfur Source ◽  
Building Stones ◽  
Sulfate Aerosols ◽  
Magnetic Isotope Effect ◽  
So2 Oxidation ◽  
Isotopic Signatures ◽  
Black Crusts ◽  
Atmospheric Sulfates

Abstract. To better understand the formation and the oxidation pathways leading to gypsum-forming “black crusts” and investigate their bearing on the whole atmospheric SO2 cycle, we measured the oxygen (δ17O, δ18O, and Δ17O) and sulfur (δ33S, δ34S, δ36S, Δ33S, and Δ36S) isotopic compositions of black crust sulfates sampled on carbonate building stones along a NW–SE cross section in the Parisian basin. The δ18O and δ34S values, ranging between 7.5 ‰ and 16.7±0.5 ‰ (n=27, 2σ) and between −2.66 ‰ and 13.99±0.20 ‰, respectively, show anthropogenic SO2 as the main sulfur source (from ∼2 % to 81 %, average ∼30 %) with host-rock sulfates making the complement. This is supported by Δ17O values (up to 2.6 ‰, on average ∼0.86 ‰), requiring > 60 % of atmospheric sulfates in black crusts. Negative Δ33S and Δ36S values between −0.34 ‰ and 0.00±0.01 ‰ and between −0.76 ‰ and -0.22±0.20 ‰, respectively, were measured in black crust sulfates, which is typical of a magnetic isotope effect that would occur during the SO2 oxidation on the building stone, leading to 33S depletion in black crust sulfates and subsequent 33S enrichment in residual SO2. Except for a few samples, sulfate aerosols mostly have Δ33S values > 0 ‰, and no processes can yet explain this enrichment, resulting in an inconsistent S budget: black crust sulfates could well represent the complementary negative Δ33S reservoir of the sulfate aerosols, thus solving the atmospheric SO2 budget.

IUPAC Office move

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
State University ◽  
Technology Research ◽  
North Carolina State University ◽  
Research Triangle ◽  
Chapel Hill ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Duke University ◽  
The University ◽  
Small Building

The IUPAC Secretariat office has been located in the Research Triangle Park (RTP) since May 1997, following its relocation from Oxford, England after 29 years. The office was housed in a small building right in the center of RTP, which is one of the most prominent high-technology research and development centers in the USA, centrally located near major universities, including Duke University in Durham, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and North Carolina State University at Raleigh.

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