Calcium Signaling Mechanisms Across Kingdoms

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng Luan ◽  
Chao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Large Array ◽  
Systemic Signaling ◽  
Signaling Mechanisms ◽  
Polarized Cell Growth ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come

Calcium (Ca2+) is a unique mineral that serves as both a nutrient and a signal in all eukaryotes. To maintain Ca2+ homeostasis for both nutrition and signaling purposes, the toolkit for Ca2+ transport has expanded across kingdoms of eukaryotes to encode specific Ca2+ signals referred to as Ca2+ signatures. In parallel, a large array of Ca2+-binding proteins has evolved as specific sensors to decode Ca2+ signatures. By comparing these coding and decoding mechanisms in fungi, animals, and plants, both unified and divergent themes have emerged, and the underlying complexity will challenge researchers for years to come. Considering the scale and breadth of the subject, instead of a literature survey, in this review we focus on a conceptual framework that aims to introduce to readers to the principles and mechanisms of Ca2+ signaling. We finish with several examples of Ca2+-signaling pathways, including polarized cell growth, immunity and symbiosis, and systemic signaling, to piece together specific coding and decoding mechanisms in plants versus animals. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Rise of Digital Money

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Adrian ◽  
Tommaso Mancini-Griffoli
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Financial Economics ◽  
Customer Orientation ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Digital Money ◽  
Payments Systems ◽  
Bank Reserves ◽  
To Come ◽  
Compare And Contrast

Payments systems around the world are evolving with the emergence of digital money issued by private firms and central banks. We provide a conceptual framework to compare and contrast traditional forms of money with their new digital equivalents. We suggest that some forms of digital money, while less stable as a store of value, could be rapidly adopted given their advantages as a means of payment. We review the benefits and risks that would emerge. One approach to managing risks would be to require full backing of selected digital money with central bank reserves. We call the arrangement synthetic central bank digital currency (sCBDC), a private-public partnership that combines the advantages of private sector innovation and customer orientation with the safety and stability of central bank–backed money. We offer policy considerations, directions for research, and an overview of the literature to date. The analysis of digital currencies is an exciting new field crossing into monetary and financial economics that will reshape the monetary and financial systems for many years to come. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Financial Economics, Volume 13 is March 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Toward a Mechanistic Understanding of Bacterial Rod Shape Formation and Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan C. Garner
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Simple Shape ◽  
Shape Formation ◽  
Mechanistic Understanding

One of the most common bacterial shapes is a rod, yet we have a limited understanding of how this simple shape is constructed. While only six proteins are required for rod shape, we are just beginning to understand how they self-organize to build the micron-sized enveloping structures that define bacterial shape out of nanometer-sized glycan strains. Here, we detail and summarize the insights gained over the last 20 years into this complex problem that have been achieved with a wide variety of different approaches. We also explain and compare both current and past models of rod shape formation and maintenance and then highlight recent insights into how the Rod complex might be regulated. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Autobiography of Stanley I. Sandler

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley I. Sandler
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
Graduate School ◽  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Thermodynamic Measurements ◽  
The Subject

I review my career from its academic beginning to my recent retirement. I grew up and studied chemical engineering in New York City. My initial failure to understand thermodynamics the way it had been taught, evidenced by the difficulty I had when starting graduate school, led me years later to write a textbook on the subject that is now in a fifth edition, in addition to other books I have written. My research areas have included molecular simulation, statistical- and quantum mechanical–based methods, and a variety of experimental thermodynamic measurements. In addition, I have been a consultant in traditional chemical engineering areas, as well in nontraditional areas, such as assisting in the design of a heat shield for interplanetary exploration, the destruction of armed chemical weapons, and the cleanup of nuclear weapons production facilities. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Volume 12 is June 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Promoters and Antagonists of Phagocytosis: A Plastic and Tunable Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer Freeman ◽  
Sergio Grinstein
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Therapeutic Intervention ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Membrane Traffic ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
Inside Out

Recent observations indicate that, rather than being an all-or-none response, phagocytosis is finely tuned by a host of developmental and environmental factors. The expression of key phagocytic determinants is regulated via transcriptional and epigenetic means that confer memory on the process. Membrane traffic, the cytoskeleton, and inside-out signaling control the activation of phagocytic receptors and their ability to access their targets. An exquisite extra layer of complexity is introduced by the coexistence of distinct “eat-me” and “don't-eat-me” signals on targets and of corresponding “eat” and “don't-eat” receptors on the phagocyte surface. Moreover, assorted physical barriers constitute “don't-come-close-to-me” hurdles that obstruct the engagement of ligands by receptors. The expression, mobility, and accessibility of all these determinants can be modulated, conferring extreme plasticity on phagocytosis and providing attractive targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer, atherosclerosis, and dementia. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

From Cell Types to an Integrated Understanding of Brain Evolution: The Case of the Cerebral Cortex

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Antonietta Tosches
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Brain Evolution ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Structural Units

With the discovery of the incredible diversity of neurons, Cajal and coworkers laid the foundation of modern neuroscience. Neuron types are not only structural units of nervous systems but also evolutionary units, because their identities are encoded in the genome. With the advent of high-throughput cellular transcriptomics, neuronal identities can be characterized and compared systematically across species. The comparison of neurons in mammals, reptiles, and birds indicates that the mammalian cerebral cortex is a mosaic of deeply conserved and recently evolved neuron types. Using the cerebral cortex as a case study, this review illustrates how comparing neuron types across species is key to reconciling observations on neural development, neuroanatomy, circuit wiring, and physiology for an integrated understanding of brain evolution. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Biophysical and Quantitative Principles of Centrosome Biogenesis and Structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sónia Gomes Pereira ◽  
Marco António Dias Louro ◽  
Mónica Bettencourt-Dias
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Quantitative Modeling ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
Electron And Light Microscopy ◽  
Biophysical Techniques ◽  
Microscopy Techniques

The centrosome is a main orchestrator of the animal cellular microtubule cytoskeleton. Dissecting its structure and assembly mechanisms has been a goal of cell biologists for over a century. In the last two decades, a good understanding of the molecular constituents of centrosomes has been achieved. Moreover, recent breakthroughs in electron and light microscopy techniques have enabled the inspection of the centrosome and the mapping of its components with unprecedented detail. However, we now need a profound and dynamic understanding of how these constituents interact in space and time. Here, we review the latest findings on the structural and molecular architecture of the centrosome and how its biogenesis is regulated, highlighting how biophysical techniques and principles as well as quantitative modeling are changing our understanding of this enigmatic cellular organelle. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Applications of Nanobodies

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Serge Muyldermans
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Light Chains ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Structural Cell ◽  
Cognate Antigen ◽  
Novel Applications

Unique, functional, homodimeric heavy chain–only antibodies, devoid of light chains, are circulating in the blood of Camelidae. These antibodies recognize their cognate antigen via one single domain, known as VHH or Nanobody. This serendipitous discovery made three decades ago has stimulated a growing number of researchers to generate highly specific Nanobodies against a myriad of targets. The small size, strict monomeric state, robustness, and easy tailoring of these Nanobodies have inspired many groups to design innovative Nanobody-based multi-domain constructs to explore novel applications. As such, Nanobodies have been employed as an exquisite research tool in structural, cell, and developmental biology. Furthermore, Nanobodies have demonstrated their benefit for more sensitive diagnostic tests. Finally, several Nanobody-based constructs have been designed to develop new therapeutic products. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 9 is February 16, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Recent Progress in the Analytical Chemistry of Champagne and Sparkling Wines

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gérard Liger-Belair ◽  
Clara Cilindre
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Chemistry ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Sparkling Wine ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Key Steps ◽  
Instrumental Approaches

The strong interplay between the various parameters at play in a bottle and in a glass of champagne or sparkling wine has been the subject of study for about two decades. After a brief overview of the history of champagne and sparkling wines, this article presents the key steps involved in the traditional method leading to the production of premium modern-day sparkling wines, with a specific focus on quantification of the dissolved CO2 found in the sealed bottles. Moreover, a review of the literature on the various chemical and instrumental approaches used in the analysis of dissolved and gaseous CO2, effervescence, foam, and volatile organic compounds is reported. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry, Volume 14 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Trust in Social Relations

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Schilke ◽  
Martin Reimann ◽  
Karen S. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Intermediate Form ◽  
Empirical Methods ◽  
Integrative Framework ◽  
Novel Approaches ◽  
To Come

Trust is key to understanding the dynamics of social relations, to the extent that it is often viewed as the glue that holds society together. We review the mounting sociological literature to help answer what trust is and where it comes from. To this end, we identify two research streams—on particularized trust and generalized trust, respectively—and propose an integrative framework that bridges these lines of research while also enhancing conceptual precision. This framework provides the springboard for identifying several important avenues for future research, including new investigations into the radius of trust, the intermediate form of categorical trust, and the interrelationships between different forms of trust. This article also calls for more scholarship focusing on the consequences (versus antecedents) of trust, addressing more fully the trustee side of the relation, and employing new empirical methods. Such novel approaches will ensure that trust research will continue to provide important insights into the functioning of modern society in the years to come. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Sociology, Volume 47 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chakravarthi Ram-Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Phenomenological Tradition ◽  
The Third ◽  
Western Philosophical Tradition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
To Come

The Introduction outlines the various chapters. It then situates the question of ‘body’ in the modern Western philosophical tradition following Descartes, and argues that this leaves subsequent responses to come under one of three options: metaphysical dualism of body and subject; any anti-dualist reductionism; or the overcoming of the divide. Describing the Phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty as a potent example of the third strategy, the Introduction then suggests his philosophy will function as foil to the ecological phenomenology developed and presented in the book. Moreover, one approach within the Western Phenomenological tradition, of treating phenomenology as a methodology for the clarification of experience (rather than the means to the determination of an ontology of the subject) is compared to the approach in this book. Since classical India, while understanding dualism, did not confront the challenge of Descartes (for better or for worse), its treatment of body follows a different trajectory.

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