scholarly journals Biophysical and Quantitative Principles of Centrosome Biogenesis and Structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sónia Gomes Pereira ◽  
Marco António Dias Louro ◽  
Mónica Bettencourt-Dias
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Quantitative Modeling ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
Electron And Light Microscopy ◽  
Biophysical Techniques ◽  
Microscopy Techniques

The centrosome is a main orchestrator of the animal cellular microtubule cytoskeleton. Dissecting its structure and assembly mechanisms has been a goal of cell biologists for over a century. In the last two decades, a good understanding of the molecular constituents of centrosomes has been achieved. Moreover, recent breakthroughs in electron and light microscopy techniques have enabled the inspection of the centrosome and the mapping of its components with unprecedented detail. However, we now need a profound and dynamic understanding of how these constituents interact in space and time. Here, we review the latest findings on the structural and molecular architecture of the centrosome and how its biogenesis is regulated, highlighting how biophysical techniques and principles as well as quantitative modeling are changing our understanding of this enigmatic cellular organelle. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Toward a Mechanistic Understanding of Bacterial Rod Shape Formation and Regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan C. Garner
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Simple Shape ◽  
Shape Formation ◽  
Mechanistic Understanding

One of the most common bacterial shapes is a rod, yet we have a limited understanding of how this simple shape is constructed. While only six proteins are required for rod shape, we are just beginning to understand how they self-organize to build the micron-sized enveloping structures that define bacterial shape out of nanometer-sized glycan strains. Here, we detail and summarize the insights gained over the last 20 years into this complex problem that have been achieved with a wide variety of different approaches. We also explain and compare both current and past models of rod shape formation and maintenance and then highlight recent insights into how the Rod complex might be regulated. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Promoters and Antagonists of Phagocytosis: A Plastic and Tunable Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer Freeman ◽  
Sergio Grinstein
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Therapeutic Intervention ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Membrane Traffic ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
Inside Out

Recent observations indicate that, rather than being an all-or-none response, phagocytosis is finely tuned by a host of developmental and environmental factors. The expression of key phagocytic determinants is regulated via transcriptional and epigenetic means that confer memory on the process. Membrane traffic, the cytoskeleton, and inside-out signaling control the activation of phagocytic receptors and their ability to access their targets. An exquisite extra layer of complexity is introduced by the coexistence of distinct “eat-me” and “don't-eat-me” signals on targets and of corresponding “eat” and “don't-eat” receptors on the phagocyte surface. Moreover, assorted physical barriers constitute “don't-come-close-to-me” hurdles that obstruct the engagement of ligands by receptors. The expression, mobility, and accessibility of all these determinants can be modulated, conferring extreme plasticity on phagocytosis and providing attractive targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer, atherosclerosis, and dementia. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Applications of Nanobodies

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Serge Muyldermans
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Heavy Chain ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Light Chains ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Structural Cell ◽  
Cognate Antigen ◽  
Novel Applications

Unique, functional, homodimeric heavy chain–only antibodies, devoid of light chains, are circulating in the blood of Camelidae. These antibodies recognize their cognate antigen via one single domain, known as VHH or Nanobody. This serendipitous discovery made three decades ago has stimulated a growing number of researchers to generate highly specific Nanobodies against a myriad of targets. The small size, strict monomeric state, robustness, and easy tailoring of these Nanobodies have inspired many groups to design innovative Nanobody-based multi-domain constructs to explore novel applications. As such, Nanobodies have been employed as an exquisite research tool in structural, cell, and developmental biology. Furthermore, Nanobodies have demonstrated their benefit for more sensitive diagnostic tests. Finally, several Nanobody-based constructs have been designed to develop new therapeutic products. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 9 is February 16, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

New Directions in the Study of Institutional Logics: From Tools to Phenomena

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lounsbury ◽  
Christopher W.J. Steele ◽  
Milo Shaoqing Wang ◽  
Madeline Toubiana
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Institutional Logics ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Complex Dynamic ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Dynamic Phenomena

In this article, we take stock of the institutional logics perspective and highlight opportunities for new scholarship. While we celebrate the growth and generativity of the literature on institutional logics, we also note that there has been a troubling tendency in recent work to use logics as analytical tools, feeding disquiet about reification and reductionism. Seeding a broader scholarly agenda that addresses such weaknesses in the literature, we highlight nascent efforts that aim to more systematically understand institutional logics as complex, dynamic phenomena in their own right. In doing so, we argue for more research that probes how logics cohere and endure by unpacking the role of values, the centrality of practice, and the governance dynamics of institutional logics and their orders. Furthermore, we encourage bridging the study of institutional logics with various literatures, including ethnomethodology, phenomenology, professions, elites, world society, and the old institutionalism, to enhance progress in these directions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Sociology, Volume 47 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Advances in Morphological Theory: Construction Morphology and Relational Morphology

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Audring
Keyword(s):  
Online Publication ◽  
Mental Lexicon ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Theory Construction ◽  
Construction Morphology ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Morphological Theory

In recent years, construction-based approaches to morphology have gained ground in the research community. This framework is characterized by the assumption that the mental lexicon is extensive and richly structured, containing not only a large number of stored words but also a wide variety of generalizations in the form of schemas. This review explores two construction-based theories, Construction Morphology and Relational Morphology. After outlining the basic theoretical architecture, the article presents an array of recent applications of a construction-based approach to morphological phenomena in various languages. In addition, it offers reflections on challenges and opportunities for further research. The review highlights those aspects of the theory that have proved particularly helpful in accommodating both the regularities and the quirks that are typical of the grammar of words. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 8 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Political Economy of Attention

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Axel Pedersen ◽  
Kristoffer Albris ◽  
Nick Seaver
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
The Political ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Moral Concern ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Political Economic

Attention has become an issue of intense political, economic, and moral concern over recent years: from the commodification of attention by digital platforms to the alleged loss of the attentional capacities of screen-addicted children (and their parents). While attention has rarely been an explicit focus of anthropological inquiry, it has still played an important if mostly tacit part in many anthropological debates and subfields. Focusing on anthropological scholarship on digital worlds and ritual forms, we review resources for colleagues interested in this burgeoning topic of research and identify potential avenues for an incipient anthropology of attention, which studies how attentional technologies and techniques mold human minds and bodies in more or less intentional ways. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 50 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Recent Research on the Archaeology of War and Violence

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew K. Scherer
Keyword(s):  
State Formation ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Past ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Consequences Of Violence

The mid-1990s through the first decade of the new millennium marked an increase in publications pertaining to war and violence in the ancient past. This review considers how scholars of the past decade have responded to that work. The emerging consensus is that war and violence were endemic to all societies studied by archaeologists, and yet the frequency, intensity, causes, and consequences of violence were highly variable for reasons that defy simplistic explanation. The general trend has been toward archaeologies of war and violence that focus on understanding the nuances of particular places and historical moments. Nevertheless, archaeologists continue to grapple with grand narratives of war, such as the proposition that violence has decreased from ancient to modern times and the role of war and violence in state formation and collapse. Recent research also draws attention to a more expansive definition of violence. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 50 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Confronting Banking Crises: Lessons from the Field

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Dobler ◽  
Marina Moretti ◽  
Alvaro Piris
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Financial Crises ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Banking Crises ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Policy Interventions ◽  
Comprehensive Framework

Financial crises are a recurring feature of modern economies. This article summarizes the lessons learned from policy interventions and tools used to resolve banking crises from a practical, operational perspective and in light of the experiences and challenges faced during and since the 2008 global financial crisis. Managing a systemic banking crisis is a complex, multiyear process and requires a comprehensive framework for addressing systemic banking problems while minimizing taxpayers’ costs. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Financial Economics, Volume 13 is March 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Particle-Laden Turbulence: Progress and Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Brandt ◽  
Filippo Coletti
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Fluid Mechanics ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Granular Media ◽  
Finite Size ◽  
Spherical Particles ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Zero Gravity ◽  
Inertial Particles

This review is motivated by the fast progress in our understanding of the physics of particle-laden turbulence in the last decade, partly due to the tremendous advances of measurement and simulation capabilities. The focus is on spherical particles in homogeneous and canonical wall-bounded flows. The analysis of recent data indicates that conclusions drawn in zero gravity should not be extrapolated outside of this condition, and that the particle response time alone cannot completely define the dynamics of finite-size particles. Several breakthroughs have been reported, mostly separately, on the dynamics and turbulence modifications of small inertial particles in dilute conditions and of large weakly buoyant spheres. Measurements at higher concentrations, simulations fully resolving smaller particles, and theoretical tools accounting for both phases are needed to bridge this gap and allow for the exploration of the fluid dynamics of suspensions, from laminar rheology and granular media to particulate turbulence. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, Volume 54 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Bacteriophage-Bacteria Interactions in the Gut: From Invertebrates to Mammals

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Kirsch ◽  
Robert S. Brzozowski ◽  
Dominick Faith ◽  
June L. Round ◽  
Patrick R. Secor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Complex Environment ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Polymicrobial Communities ◽  
Diverse Interactions

Bacteria and their viruses (bacteriophages or phages) interact antagonistically and beneficially in polymicrobial communities such as the guts of animals. These interactions are multifaceted and are influenced by environmental conditions. In this review, we discuss phage-bacteria interactions as they relate to the complex environment of the gut. Within the mammalian and invertebrate guts, phages and bacteria engage in diverse interactions including genetic coexistence through lysogeny, and phages directly modulate microbiota composition and the immune system with consequences that are becoming recognized as potential drivers of health and disease. With greater depth of understanding of phage-bacteria interactions in the gut and the outcomes, future phage therapies become possible. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Virology, Volume 8 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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