The Psychology of Pandemics

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Prolonged Grief ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
Current State ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Important Field ◽  
Mitigation Methods

This article reviews the current state of knowledge and promising new directions concerning the psychology of pandemics. Pandemics are disease outbreaks that spread globally. Historically, psychological factors have been neglected by researchers and health authorities despite evidence that pandemics are, to a large extent, psychological phenomena whereby beliefs and behaviors influence the spreading versus containment of infection. Psychological factors are important in determining ( a) adherence to pandemic mitigation methods (e.g., adherence to social distancing), ( b) pandemic-related social disruption (e.g., panic buying, racism, antilockdown protests), and ( c) pandemic-related distress and related problems (e.g., anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, prolonged grief disorder). The psychology of pandemics has emerged as an important field of research and practice during the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. As a scholarly discipline, the psychology of pandemics is fragmented and diverse, encompassing various psychological subspecialties and allied disciplines, but is vital for shaping clinical practice and public health guidelines for COVID-19 and future pandemics. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 18 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Extrachromosomal DNA: An Emerging Hallmark in Human Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sihan Wu ◽  
Vineet Bafna ◽  
Howard Y. Chang ◽  
Paul S. Mischel
Keyword(s):  
Human Cancer ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Cancer Evolution ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Current State ◽  
Human Genes ◽  
Cancer Tumor ◽  
And Function

Human genes are arranged on 23 pairs of chromosomes, but in cancer, tumor-promoting genes and regulatory elements can free themselves from chromosomes and relocate to circular, extrachromosomal pieces of DNA (ecDNA). ecDNA, because of its nonchromosomal inheritance, drives high-copy-number oncogene amplification and enables tumors to evolve their genomes rapidly. Furthermore, the circular ecDNA architecture fundamentally alters gene regulation and transcription, and the higher-order organization of ecDNA contributes to tumor pathogenesis. Consequently, patients whose cancers harbor ecDNA have significantly shorter survival. Although ecDNA was first observed more than 50 years ago, its critical importance has only recently come to light. In this review, we discuss the current state of understanding of how ecDNAs form and function as well as how they contribute to drug resistance and accelerated cancer evolution. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Replicability in Empirical Legal Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason M. Chin ◽  
Kathryn Zeiler
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Reform Movement ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Statistical Issues

As part of a broader methodological reform movement, scientists are increasingly interested in improving the replicability of their research. Replicability allows others to perform replications to explore potential errors and statistical issues that might call the original results into question. Little attention, however, has been paid to the state of replicability in the field of empirical legal research (ELR). Quality is especially important in this field because empirical legal researchers produce work that is regularly relied upon by courts and other legal bodies. In this review, we summarize the current state of ELR relative to the broader movement toward replicability in the social sciences. As part of that aim, we summarize recent collective replication efforts in ELR and transparency and replicability guidelines adopted by journals that publish ELR. Based on this review, ELR seems to be lagging other fields in implementing reforms. We conclude with suggestions for reforms that might encourage improved replicability. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Law and Social Science, Volume 17 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Making the Sentencing Case: Psychological and Neuroscientific Evidence for Expanding the Age of Youthful Offenders

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Casey ◽  
C. Simmons ◽  
L.H. Somerville ◽  
A. Baskin-Sommers
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
The United States ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Life Without Parole ◽  
Current State ◽  
Youthful Offenders ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
State Of The Science ◽  
Brain Behavior

Youthful offenders convicted of serious crimes continue to be sentenced to death and life without parole in the United States based on legal arguments that cast them as incorrigible and permanent dangers to society. Yet psychological and neuroscientific evidence contradicts these arguments and unequivocally demonstrates significant changes in brain, behavior, and personality throughout the life course, especially during adolescence as it extends into the early twenties. This article ( a) clarifies the current state of the science on typical behavioral and brain development showing robust changes into the twenties; ( b) demonstrates that behavior, personality, and psychopathic traits are dynamic and change over time; and ( c) underscores that reliance on prior criminal behavior only to predict later recidivism is tenuous at best. Together, these scientific insights make a case for extending juvenile protections to youthful offenders sentenced for crimes committed in their teens and early twenties. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Criminology, Volume 5 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Animal Migration: An Overview of One of Nature's Great Spectacles

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam M. Fudickar ◽  
Alex E. Jahn ◽  
Ellen D. Ketterson
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
First Century ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Integrative Biology ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Technological Revolution ◽  
Current State ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Animal Migration

The twenty-first century has witnessed an explosion in research on animal migration, in large part due to a technological revolution in tracking and remote-sensing technologies, along with advances in genomics and integrative biology. We now have access to unprecedented amounts of data on when, where, and how animals migrate across various continents and oceans. Among the important advancements, recent studies have uncovered a surprising level of variation in migratory trajectories at the species and population levels with implications for both speciation and the conservation of migratory populations. At the organismal level, studies linking molecular and physiological mechanisms to traits that support migration have revealed a remarkable amount of seasonal flexibility in many migratory animals. Advancements in the theory for why animals migrate have resulted in promising new directions for empirical studies. We provide an overview of the current state of knowledge and promising future avenues of study. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals The Future of Solar Neutrinos

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel D. Orebi Gann ◽  
Kai Zuber ◽  
Daniel Bemmerer ◽  
Aldo Serenelli
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Solar Neutrinos ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Proton Proton ◽  
Flavor Oscillations ◽  
Current State ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Neutrino Fluxes

In this article we review the current state of the field of solar neutrinos, including flavor oscillations, nonstandard effects, solar models, cross section measurements, and the broad experimental program thus motivated and enabled. We describe the historical discoveries that contributed to current knowledge, and define critical open questions to be addressed in the next decade. We discuss standard solar models, including uncertainties and problems related to the solar composition, and review experimental and model solar neutrino fluxes, including future prospects. We review the state of the art of the nuclear reaction data relevant for solar fusion in the proton–proton chain and carbon–nitrogen–oxygen cycle. Finally, we review the current and future experimental programs that can address outstanding questions in this field. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Volume 71 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Molecular Heterogeneity and Evolution in Breast Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Caswell-Jin ◽  
Carina Lorenz ◽  
Christina Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Biology ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Intratumor Heterogeneity ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Molecular Heterogeneity ◽  
Tumor Subtypes ◽  
Current State

Breast cancer comprises a heterogeneous group of tumor subtypes, whether defined by immunohistochemistry of key proteins, RNA expression profiles, or genetic alterations, and each of these subtypes may benefit from a distinct treatment approach. However, there can be striking heterogeneity within tumors, which may pose challenges to the development of personalized approaches to therapy. Intratumor heterogeneity can be divided into three main categories: genetic, phenotypic, and microenvironmental. Here, we review technologies to interrogate these three categories of heterogeneity in patient samples, as well as the current state of understanding of these categories in breast cancer, from cell to cell, across different regions of the same tumor mass, across treatment, and across metastasis. Efforts to characterize tumor heterogeneity longitudinally will be crucial to the development of personalized oncology for breast cancer. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cancer Biology, Volume 5 is March 4, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Blossoming of Economic Epidemiology

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David McAdams
Keyword(s):  
Social Contact ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Policy Debate ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Economic Epidemiology ◽  
Viral Outbreak

Infectious diseases, ideas, new products, and other infectants spread in epidemic fashion through social contact. The COVID-19 pandemic, the proliferation of fake news, and the rise of antimicrobial resistance have thrust economic epidemiology into the forefront of public policy debate and reinvigorated the field. Focusing for concreteness on disease-causing pathogens, this review provides a taxonomy of economic-epidemic models, emphasizing both the biology/immunology of the disease and the economics of the social context. An economic epidemic is one whose diffusion through the agent population is generated by agents’ endogenous behavior. I highlight properties of the equilibrium epidemic trajectory and discuss ways in which public health authorities can change the game for the better by ( a) imposing restrictions on agent activity to reduce the harm done during a viral outbreak and ( b) enabling diagnostic-informed interventions to slow or even reverse the rise of antibiotic resistance. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Economics, Volume 13 is August 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Structure of Intrinsic Motivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayelet Fishbach ◽  
Kaitlin Woolley
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Fusion Model ◽  
Work Activities ◽  
Means And Ends ◽  
Current State ◽  
Approaches To Study

Intrinsic motivation (IM) is key for persistence at work. When they are intrinsically motivated, people experience work activities as an end in itself, such that the activity and its goal collide. The result is increased interest and enjoyment of work activities. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge on IM, including studies within organizational, cognitive, and social psychology. We distinguish our structural perspective, which defines IM as the overlap between means and ends (e.g., the means-ends fusion model), from content-based approaches to study IM. We specifically discuss three questions: ( a) What is IM and why does it matter, ( b) how can individuals and organizations increase IM, and ( c) what biases and misconceptions do employees and managers hold about IM? Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, Volume 9 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Biology of Chernobyl

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy A. Mousseau
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Nuclear Accident ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Environmental Disasters ◽  
Current State ◽  
Evolutionary Studies ◽  
Experimental Plots

Environmental disasters offer the unique opportunity for landscape-scale ecological and evolutionary studies that are not possible in the laboratory or small experimental plots. The nuclear accident at Chernobyl (1986) allows for rigorous analyses of radiation effects on individuals and populations at an ecosystem scale. Here, the current state of knowledge related to populations within the Chernobyl region of Ukraine and Belarus following the largest civil nuclear accident in history is reviewed. There is now a significant literature that provides contrasting and occasionally conflicting views of the state of animals and how they are affected by this mutagenic stressor. Studies of genetic and physiological effects have largely suggested significant injuries to individuals inhabiting the more radioactive areas of the Chernobyl region. Most population censuses for most species suggest that abundances are reduced in the more radioactive areas. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

History and Status of Prolonged Grief Disorder as a Psychiatric Diagnosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly G. Prigerson ◽  
Sophia Kakarala ◽  
James Gang ◽  
Paul K. Maciejewski
Keyword(s):  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Prolonged Grief Disorder ◽  
Prolonged Grief ◽  
Novel Treatments ◽  
Text Revision ◽  
Emotional Detachment ◽  
Classification Of Diseases

Prolonged grief disorder (PGD) is a diagnostic entity now included in the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11) and soon to appear in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR). A characteristic feature of PGD is distressing, disabling yearning that persists a year or more after the loss. Other characteristic symptoms include disbelief and lack of acceptance of the loss, emotional detachment from others since the loss, loneliness, identity disturbance, and sense of meaninglessness. In this review, we detail psychiatric views on grief and their evolution over the twentieth century. We then discuss the development of diagnostic formulations for disordered grief, which culminated in PGD's status as a mental disorder in the DSM. After summarizing recent evidence that may suggest that PGD is linked to the neural reward system, we suggest further areas of research. In particular, we note the need for studies that extend the evidence base concerning PGD across cultural and sociodemographic boundaries and that investigate novel treatments. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 17 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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