Animal Migration: An Overview of One of Nature's Great Spectacles

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam M. Fudickar ◽  
Alex E. Jahn ◽  
Ellen D. Ketterson
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
First Century ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Integrative Biology ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Technological Revolution ◽  
Current State ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Animal Migration

The twenty-first century has witnessed an explosion in research on animal migration, in large part due to a technological revolution in tracking and remote-sensing technologies, along with advances in genomics and integrative biology. We now have access to unprecedented amounts of data on when, where, and how animals migrate across various continents and oceans. Among the important advancements, recent studies have uncovered a surprising level of variation in migratory trajectories at the species and population levels with implications for both speciation and the conservation of migratory populations. At the organismal level, studies linking molecular and physiological mechanisms to traits that support migration have revealed a remarkable amount of seasonal flexibility in many migratory animals. Advancements in the theory for why animals migrate have resulted in promising new directions for empirical studies. We provide an overview of the current state of knowledge and promising future avenues of study. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Gang Research in the Twenty-First Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caylin Louis Moore ◽  
Forrest Stuart
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Criminological Theory ◽  
First Century ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
State Interventions ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Analytical Approaches

For nearly a century, gang scholarship has remained foundational to criminological theory and method. Twenty-first-century scholarship continues to refine and, in some cases, supplant long-held axioms about gang formation, organization, and behavior. Recent advances can be traced to shifts in the empirical social reality and conditions within which gangs exist and act. We draw out this relationship—between the ontological and epistemological—by identifying key macrostructural shifts that have transformed gang composition and behavior and, in turn, forced scholars to revise dominant theoretical frameworks and analytical approaches. These shifts include large-scale economic transformations, the expansion of punitive state interventions, the proliferation of the Internet and social media, intensified globalization, and the increasing presence of women and LGBTQ individuals in gangs and gang research. By introducing historically unprecedented conditions and actors, these developments provide novel opportunities to reconsider previous analyses of gang structure, violence, and other related objects of inquiry. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Criminology, Volume 5 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

New Directions in the Study of Institutional Logics: From Tools to Phenomena

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lounsbury ◽  
Christopher W.J. Steele ◽  
Milo Shaoqing Wang ◽  
Madeline Toubiana
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Institutional Logics ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Complex Dynamic ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Dynamic Phenomena

In this article, we take stock of the institutional logics perspective and highlight opportunities for new scholarship. While we celebrate the growth and generativity of the literature on institutional logics, we also note that there has been a troubling tendency in recent work to use logics as analytical tools, feeding disquiet about reification and reductionism. Seeding a broader scholarly agenda that addresses such weaknesses in the literature, we highlight nascent efforts that aim to more systematically understand institutional logics as complex, dynamic phenomena in their own right. In doing so, we argue for more research that probes how logics cohere and endure by unpacking the role of values, the centrality of practice, and the governance dynamics of institutional logics and their orders. Furthermore, we encourage bridging the study of institutional logics with various literatures, including ethnomethodology, phenomenology, professions, elites, world society, and the old institutionalism, to enhance progress in these directions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Sociology, Volume 47 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Extrachromosomal DNA: An Emerging Hallmark in Human Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sihan Wu ◽  
Vineet Bafna ◽  
Howard Y. Chang ◽  
Paul S. Mischel
Keyword(s):  
Human Cancer ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Cancer Evolution ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Current State ◽  
Human Genes ◽  
Cancer Tumor ◽  
And Function

Human genes are arranged on 23 pairs of chromosomes, but in cancer, tumor-promoting genes and regulatory elements can free themselves from chromosomes and relocate to circular, extrachromosomal pieces of DNA (ecDNA). ecDNA, because of its nonchromosomal inheritance, drives high-copy-number oncogene amplification and enables tumors to evolve their genomes rapidly. Furthermore, the circular ecDNA architecture fundamentally alters gene regulation and transcription, and the higher-order organization of ecDNA contributes to tumor pathogenesis. Consequently, patients whose cancers harbor ecDNA have significantly shorter survival. Although ecDNA was first observed more than 50 years ago, its critical importance has only recently come to light. In this review, we discuss the current state of understanding of how ecDNAs form and function as well as how they contribute to drug resistance and accelerated cancer evolution. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Constructed Languages

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Schreyer
Keyword(s):  
Community Of Practice ◽  
Real World ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Endangered Languages ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
New Directions ◽  
University Classrooms ◽  
The Relationship

Constructed languages, also known as conlangs, are languages that have been purposefully created for either real-world or fictional speakers. Within this article, I provide a summary of the language creation process and how the community of conlangers, people who make languages, come to know each other's work, as well as how language creation assignments are being adopted within university classrooms. I also explore the role of the language creator in bringing a community of speakers into existence through the invention of a language. I discuss whether speakers of a constructed language are part of a community of practice or a speech community and the implications for this distinction within anthropology. I also describe conscripts, or constructed orthographies, as well as the relationship between endangered languages and constructed languages, how invented worlds can create real-world shifts in worldview, and suggestions for new directions in research linking anthropology and constructed languages. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology, Volume 50 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Psychology of Pandemics

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Prolonged Grief ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
Current State ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Important Field ◽  
Mitigation Methods

This article reviews the current state of knowledge and promising new directions concerning the psychology of pandemics. Pandemics are disease outbreaks that spread globally. Historically, psychological factors have been neglected by researchers and health authorities despite evidence that pandemics are, to a large extent, psychological phenomena whereby beliefs and behaviors influence the spreading versus containment of infection. Psychological factors are important in determining ( a) adherence to pandemic mitigation methods (e.g., adherence to social distancing), ( b) pandemic-related social disruption (e.g., panic buying, racism, antilockdown protests), and ( c) pandemic-related distress and related problems (e.g., anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, prolonged grief disorder). The psychology of pandemics has emerged as an important field of research and practice during the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. As a scholarly discipline, the psychology of pandemics is fragmented and diverse, encompassing various psychological subspecialties and allied disciplines, but is vital for shaping clinical practice and public health guidelines for COVID-19 and future pandemics. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 18 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals The Capitalization of Agricultural Subsidies into Land Prices

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Ciaian ◽  
Edoardo Baldoni ◽  
d'Artis Kancs ◽  
Dušan Drabik
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Spatial Effects ◽  
Agricultural Subsidies ◽  
Decoupled Payments ◽  
Land Prices ◽  
Rural Market

We review the recent theoretical and empirical literature on the capitalization of agricultural subsidies into land prices. The theoretical literature predicts that agricultural subsidies are capitalized into land prices when land supply is inelastic and land markets function well. The share of capitalized subsidies significantly depends on the implementation of farm subsidies, local land-market institutions, rural market imperfections, and spatial effects. Most empirical studies have shown that agricultural subsidies are only partially capitalized into land prices, estimating that decoupled payments and land-based subsidies exhibit higher capitalization than coupled payments and nonland-based subsidies, respectively. However, estimated capitalization rates vary widely across studies largely because of data availability and identification challenges. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Resource Economics, Volume 13 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Network Analysis of Psychopathology: Controversies and Challenges

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. McNally
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Mental Disorder ◽  
First Century ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Network Approach ◽  
Central Idea ◽  
Network Approaches

Empirical publications inspired by the network approach to psychopathology have increased exponentially in the twenty-first century. The central idea that an episode of mental disorder arises from causal interactions among its symptomatic elements has especially resonated with those clinical scientists whose disenchantment with traditional categorical and dimensional approaches to mental illness have become all too apparent. As the field has matured, conceptual and statistical concerns about the limitations of network approaches to psychopathology have emerged, inspiring the development of novel methods to address these concerns. Rather than reviewing the vast empirical literature, I focus instead on the issues and controversies regarding this approach and sketch directions where the field might go next. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, Volume 17 is May 7, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Thin Film Skyrmionics

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Takaaki Dohi ◽  
Robert. M. Reeve ◽  
Mathias Kläui
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Condensed Matter ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Condensed Matter Physics ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Fundamental Physics ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Magnetic Skyrmions

In condensed matter physics, magnetic skyrmions, topologically stabilized magnetic solitons, have been discovered in various materials systems, which has intrigued the community in terms of not only fundamental physics but also with respect to engineering applications. In particular, skyrmions in thin films are easily manipulable by electrical means even at room temperature. Concomitantly, a variety of possible applications have been proposed and proof-of-concept devices have been demonstrated. Recently, the field of skyrmion-based electronics has been referred to as skyrmionics and this field has been rapidly growing and extended in multiple directions. This review provides recent progress for skyrmion research in thin film systems and we discuss promising new directions, which will further invigorate the field. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics, Volume 13 is March 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Evolution of Mimicry Rings as a Window into Community Dynamics

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krushnamegh Kunte ◽  
Athulya Girish Kizhakke ◽  
Viraj Nawge
Keyword(s):  
Species Interactions ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Ecological Filtering ◽  
Selective Agents ◽  
Evolutionary Studies ◽  
Phylogenetic Framework ◽  
Key Aspects

Mimicry rings are communities of mimetic organisms that are excellent models for ecological and evolutionary studies because the community composition, the nature of the species interactions, the phenotypes under selection, and the selective agents are well characterized. Here, we review how regional and ecological filtering, density- and frequency-dependent selection, toxicity of prey, and age of mimicry rings shape their assembly. We synthesize findings from theoretical and empirical studies to generate the following hypotheses: ( a) the degree of unpalatability and age of mimicry rings increase mimicry ring size and ( b) the degree of unpalatability, generalization of the aposematic signal, and availability of alternative prey are positively related to the breadth of the protection umbrella for an aposematic signal and negatively related to the degree of mimetic resemblance. We also provide a phylogenetic framework in which key aspects of mimicry ring diversification may be studied. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Emerging Phylogenetic Perspective on the Evolution of Actinopterygian Fishes

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Dornburg ◽  
Thomas J. Near
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
First Century ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Living Fossils ◽  
Actinopterygian Fishes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phylogenetic Perspective

The emergence of a new phylogeny of ray-finned fishes at the turn of the twenty-first century marked a paradigm shift in understanding the evolutionary history of half of living vertebrates. We review how the new ray-finned fish phylogeny radically departs from classical expectations based on morphology. We focus on evolutionary relationships that span the backbone of ray-finned fish phylogeny, from the earliest divergences among teleosts and nonteleosts to the resolution of major lineages of Percomorpha. Throughout, we feature advances gained by the new phylogeny toward a broader understanding of ray-finned fish evolutionary history and the implications for topics that span from the genetics of human health to reconsidering the concept of living fossils. Additionally, we discuss conceptual challenges that involve reconciling taxonomic classification with phylogenetic relationships and propose an alternate higher-level classification for Percomorpha. Our review highlights remaining areas of phylogenetic uncertainty and opportunities for comparative investigations empowered by this new phylogenetic perspective on ray-finned fishes. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, Volume 52 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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