Inherited Autoinflammatory Syndromes

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia E. Rood ◽  
Edward M. Behrens
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Stress Response ◽  
Genetic Diagnostics ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Autoinflammatory Syndromes ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Therapeutic Targeting ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Insight Into

Autoinflammation describes a collection of diverse diseases caused by indiscriminate activation of the immune system in an antigen-independent manner. The rapid advancement of genetic diagnostics has allowed for the identification of a wide array of monogenic causes of autoinflammation. While the clinical picture of these syndromes is diverse, it is possible to thematically group many of these diseases under broad categories that provide insight into the mechanisms of disease and therapeutic possibilities. This review covers archetypical examples of inherited autoinflammatory diseases in five major categories: inflammasomopathy, interferonopathy, unfolded protein/cellular stress response, relopathy, and uncategorized. This framework can suggest where future work is needed to identify other genetic causes of autoinflammation, what types of diagnostics need to be developed to care for this patient population, and which options might be considered for novel therapeutic targeting. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Endogenous Retroviruses Drive Resistance and Promotion of Exogenous Retroviral Homologs

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elliott S. Chiu ◽  
Sue VandeWoude
Keyword(s):  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Viral Evolution ◽  
Endogenous Retroviruses ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Self Tolerance ◽  
Vertebrate Hosts ◽  
Insight Into

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) serve as markers of ancient viral infections and provide invaluable insight into host and viral evolution. ERVs have been exapted to assist in performing basic biological functions, including placentation, immune modulation, and oncogenesis. A subset of ERVs share high nucleotide similarity to circulating horizontally transmitted exogenous retrovirus (XRV) progenitors. In these cases, ERV–XRV interactions have been documented and include ( a) recombination to result in ERV–XRV chimeras, ( b) ERV induction of immune self-tolerance to XRV antigens, ( c) ERV antigen interference with XRV receptor binding, and ( d) interactions resulting in both enhancement and restriction of XRV infections. Whereas the mechanisms governing recombination and immune self-tolerance have been partially determined, enhancement and restriction of XRV infection are virus specific and only partially understood. This review summarizes interactions between six unique ERV–XRV pairs, highlighting important ERV biological functions and potential evolutionary histories in vertebrate hosts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 9 is February 16, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Regulation of Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uptake

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Murphy ◽  
Charles Steenbergen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Mitochondrial Matrix ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Disease Specific

Mitochondria are responsible for ATP production but are also known as regulators of cell death, and mitochondrial matrix Ca2+ is a key modulator of both ATP production and cell death. Although mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and efflux have been studied for over 50 years, it is only in the past decade that the proteins responsible for mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake and efflux have been identified. The identification of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) led to an explosion of studies identifying regulators of the MCU. The levels of these regulators vary in a tissue- and disease-specific manner, providing new insight into how mitochondrial Ca2+ is regulated. This review focuses on the proteins responsible for mitochondrial transport and what we have learned from mouse studies with genetic alterations in these proteins. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physiology, Volume 83 is February 10, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals The Respiratory Foundations of Spoken Language

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Fuchs ◽  
Amélie Rochet-Capellan
Keyword(s):  
Language Evolution ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Breathing Control ◽  
Physical Constraints ◽  
Situational Contexts ◽  
Respiratory Behavior ◽  
Popular View ◽  
Future Work

Why is breathing relevant in linguistics? In this review, we approach this question from different perspectives. The most popular view is that breathing adapts to speech because respiratory behavior has astonishing flexibility. We review research that shows that breathing pauses occur mostly at meaningful places, that breathing adapts to cognitive load during speech perception, and that breathing adapts to communicative needs in dialogue. However, speech may also adapt to breathing (e.g., the larynx can compensate for air loss, breathing can partially affect f0 declination). Enhanced breathing control may have played a role in vocalization and language evolution. These views are not mutually exclusive but, rather, reveal that speech production and breathing have an interwoven relationship that depends on communicative and physical constraints. We suggest that breathing should become an important topic for different linguistic areas and that future work should investigate the interaction between breathing and speech in different situational contexts. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Linguistics, Volume 7 is January 14, 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Evolution and Physiology of Amphibious Yeasts

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fouad El Baidouri ◽  
Polona Zalar ◽  
Timothy Y. James ◽  
Amy S. Gladfelter ◽  
Anthony Amend
Keyword(s):  
Online Publication ◽  
Convergent Evolution ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Ecological Diversity ◽  
Aquatic Habitats ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Unicellular Organisms ◽  
Extreme Habitats ◽  
Insight Into

Since the emergence of the first fungi some 700 million years ago, unicellular yeast-like forms have emerged multiple times in independent lineages via convergent evolution. While tens to hundreds of millions of years separate the independent evolution of these unicellular organisms, they share remarkable phenotypic and metabolic similarities, and all have streamlined genomes. Yeasts occur in every aquatic environment yet examined. Many species are aquatic; perhaps most are amphibious. How these species have evolved to thrive in aquatic habitats is fundamental to understanding functions and evolutionary mechanisms in this unique group of fungi. Here we review the state of knowledge of the physiological and ecological diversity of amphibious yeasts and their key evolutionary adaptations enabling survival in aquatic habitats. We emphasize some genera previously thought to be exclusively terrestrial. Finally, we discuss the ability of many yeasts to survive in extreme habitats and how this might lend insight into ecological plasticity, including amphibious lifestyles. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 75 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Designing Relevant Preclinical Rodent Models for Studying Links Between Nutrition, Obesity, Metabolism, and Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine M. Glenny ◽  
Michael F. Coleman ◽  
Erin D. Giles ◽  
Elizabeth A. Wellberg ◽  
Stephen D. Hursting
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Cancer Model ◽  
Preclinical Models ◽  
Cancer Models ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Diet and nutrition are intricately related to cancer prevention, growth, and treatment response. Preclinical rodent models are a cornerstone to biomedical research and remain instrumental in our understanding of the relationship between cancer and diet and in the development of effective therapeutics. However, the success rate of translating promising findings from the bench to the bedside is suboptimal. Well-designed rodent models will be crucial to improving the impact basic science has on clinical treatment options. This review discusses essential experimental factors to consider when designing a preclinical cancer model with an emphasis on incorporating these models into studies interrogating diet, nutrition, and metabolism. The aims of this review are to ( a) provide insight into relevant considerations when designing cancer models for obesity, nutrition, and metabolism research; ( b) identify common pitfalls when selecting a rodent model; and ( c) discuss strengths and limitations of available preclinical models. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Who Enters Politics and Why?

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saad Gulzar
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Science Volume ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Institutional Determinants ◽  
Future Work

Despite the importance of politicians, empirical work rarely examines who decides to enter politics and why. This survey presents conceptual issues in measuring political entry; reviews work on individual, organizational, and institutional determinants of political entry; and summarizes the main findings and puzzles related to the representation/competence trade-off in recent microcensus studies on who runs for office. Fruitful directions for future work are highlighted throughout the article. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Political Science, Volume 24 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Bayesian Inference: The Comprehensive Approach to Analyzing Single-Molecule Experiments

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin D. Kinz-Thompson ◽  
Korak Kumar Ray ◽  
Ruben L. Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Probability Theory ◽  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Single Molecule ◽  
Biophysical Model ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
Self Consistent ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Data Analysis Methods

Biophysics experiments performed at single-molecule resolution provide exceptional insight into the structural details and dynamic behavior of biological systems. However, extracting this information from the corresponding experimental data unequivocally requires applying a biophysical model. In this review, we discuss how to use probability theory to apply these models to single-molecule data. Many current single-molecule data analysis methods apply parts of probability theory, sometimes unknowingly, and thus miss out on the full set of benefits provided by this self-consistent framework. The full application of probability theory involves a process called Bayesian inference that fully accounts for the uncertainties inherent to single-molecule experiments. Additionally, using Bayesian inference provides a scientifically rigorous method of incorporating information from multiple experiments into a single analysis and finding the best biophysical model for an experiment without the risk of overfitting the data. These benefits make the Bayesian approach ideal for analyzing any type of single-molecule experiment. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biophysics, Volume 50 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Multirobot Control Strategies for Collective Transport

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Farivarnejad ◽  
Spring Berman
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Uncertain Environments ◽  
Multirobot Control ◽  
Collective Transport ◽  
Control Objective ◽  
Future Work

One potential application of multirobot systems is collective transport, a task in which multiple robots collaboratively move a payload that is too large or heavy for a single robot. In this review, we highlight a variety of control strategies for collective transport that have been developed over the past three decades. We characterize the problem scenarios that have been addressed in terms of the control objective, the robot platform and its interaction with the payload, and the robots’ capabilities and information about the payload and environment. We categorize the control strategies according to whether their sensing, computation, and communication functions are performed by a centralized supervisor or specialized robot or autonomously by the robots. We provide an overview of progress toward control strategies that can be implemented on robots with expanded autonomous functionality in uncertain environments using limited information, and we suggest directions for future work on developing such controllers. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems, Volume 5 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

How Cortical Circuits Implement Cortical Computations: Mouse Visual Cortex as a Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristopher M. Niell ◽  
Massimo Scanziani
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Cortical Function ◽  
Mouse Visual Cortex ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into

The mouse, as a model organism to study the brain, gives us unprecedented experimental access to the mammalian cerebral cortex. By determining the cortex's cellular composition, revealing the interaction between its different components, and systematically perturbing these components, we are obtaining mechanistic insight into some of the most basic properties of cortical function. In this review, we describe recent advances in our understanding of how circuits of cortical neurons implement computations, as revealed by the study of mouse primary visual cortex. Further, we discuss how studying the mouse has broadened our understanding of the range of computations performed by visual cortex. Finally, we address how future approaches will fulfill the promise of the mouse in elucidating fundamental operations of cortex. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 44 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Increasingly Intelligent Micromachines

2022 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian-Yun Huang ◽  
Hongri Gu ◽  
Bradley J. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Autonomous Systems ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
The Past ◽  
Water Cleaning ◽  
Information Media ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Made In

Intelligent micromachines, with dimensions ranging from a few millimeters down to hundreds of nanometers, are miniature systems capable of performing specific tasks autonomously at small scales. Enhancing the intelligence of micromachines to tackle the uncertainty and variability in complex microenvironments has applications in minimally invasive medicine, bioengineering, water cleaning, analytical chemistry, and more. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the construction of intelligent micromachines, evolving from simple micromachines to soft, compound, reconfigurable, encodable, multifunctional, and integrated micromachines, as well as from individual to multiagent, multiscale, hierarchical, self-organizing, and swarm micromachines. The field leverages two important trends in robotics research—the miniaturization and intelligentization of machines—but a compelling combination of these two features has yet to be realized. The core technologies required to make such tiny machines intelligent include information media, transduction, processing, exchange, and energy supply, but embedding all of these functions into a system at the micro- or nanoscale is challenging. This article offers a comprehensive introduction to the state-of-the-art technologies used to create intelligence for micromachines and provides insight into the construction of next-generation intelligent micromachines that can adapt to diverse scenarios for use in emerging fields. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems, Volume 5 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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