scholarly journals The intestinal-renal axis for arginine synthesis is present and functional in the neonatal pig

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (2) ◽  
pp. E233-E242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan C. Marini ◽  
Umang Agarwal ◽  
Jason L. Robinson ◽  
Yang Yuan ◽  
Inka C. Didelija ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Neonatal Pigs ◽  
Plasma Citrulline ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Argininosuccinate Synthase ◽  
Neonatal Pig

The intestinal-renal axis for endogenous arginine synthesis is an interorgan process in which citrulline produced in the small intestine is utilized by the kidney for arginine synthesis. The function of this axis in neonates has been questioned because during this period the enzymes needed for arginine synthesis argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1) and lyase (ASL) are present in the gut. However, evidence of high plasma citrulline concentrations in neonates suggests otherwise. We quantified in vivo citrulline production in premature (10 days preterm), neonatal (7 days old), and young pigs (35 days old) using citrulline tracers. Neonatal pigs had higher fluxes (69 µmol·kg−1·h−1, P < 0.001) than premature and young pigs (43 and 45 µmol·kg−1·h−1, respectively). Plasma citrulline concentration was also greater in neonatal pigs than in the other age groups. We also determined the site of synthesis and utilization of citrulline in neonatal and young pigs by measuring organ balances across the gut and the kidney. Citrulline was released from the gut and utilized by the kidney in both neonatal and young pigs. The abundance and localization of the enzymes involved in the synthesis and utilization were determined in intestinal and kidney tissue. Despite the presence of ASS1 and ASL in the neonatal small intestine, the lack of colocalization with the enzymes that produce citrulline results in the release of citrulline by the PDV and its utilization by the kidney to produce arginine. In conclusion, the intestinal-renal axis for arginine synthesis is present in the neonatal pig.

scholarly journals Developmental changes in the utilization of citrulline by neonatal pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (1) ◽  
pp. F175-F182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud A. Mohammad ◽  
Inka C. Didelija ◽  
Xioying Wang ◽  
Barbara Stoll ◽  
Douglas G. Burrin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bolus Dose ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Excess Capacity ◽  
Argininosuccinate Lyase ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Neonatal Pigs ◽  
Plasma Citrulline ◽  
Argininosuccinate Synthase ◽  
Renal Expression

Developmental changes in the renal expression and activity of argininosuccinate synthase (ASS1) and argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), enzymes that use citrulline for the production of arginine, have been reported. Thus, the ability of neonates, and especially premature neonates, to produce arginine may be compromised. To determine the utilization of citrulline in vivo, we measured renal expression of ASS1 and ASL and conducted citrulline compartmental and noncompartmental kinetics using [15N]citrulline in pigs of five different ages (from 10 days preterm to 5 wk of age). The tracer was given in substrate amounts to also test the ability of neonatal pigs to use exogenous citrulline. Preterm and term pigs at birth had lower ASS1 and ASL expression than older animals, which was reflected in the longer half-life of citrulline in the neonatal groups. The production and utilization of citrulline by 1-wk-old pigs was greater than in pigs of other ages, including 5-wk-old animals. Plasma citrulline concentration was not able to capture these differences in citrulline production and utilization. In conclusion, the developmental changes in renal ASS1 and ASL gene expression are reflected in the ability of the pigs to use citrulline. However, it seems that there is an excess capacity to use citrulline at all ages, including during prematurity, since the bolus dose of tracer did not result in an increase in endogenous citrulline. Our results support the idea that citrulline supplementation in neonatal, including premature, pigs is a viable option to increase arginine availability.

Effect of age on the secretory capacity of pig small intestine in vivo and in vitro

1990 ◽  
Vol 259 (3) ◽  
pp. G474-G480 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. T. McEwan ◽  
B. Schousboe ◽  
C. G. Nielsen ◽  
E. Skadhauge
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Fluid Secretion ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Ct Dose ◽  
Fluid Losses ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Secretory Capacity

The effect of age on the secretory response of pig small intestine to in vivo challenge by cholera toxin (CT) was investigated. The small intestine of 14-day-old pigs was more sensitive to CT challenge than that of 14-wk-old animals. In the 14-day jejunum CT-induced fluid secretion was five times that observed in the 14-wk tissue. Similarly, the 14-day ileum produced a fourfold higher secretion than the 14-wk ileum, although the magnitude of ileal secretion was markedly lower than that observed in the jejunum at the same CT dose. This reduced response to CT with age was not due to a reduced secretory capacity of the tissue, since supramaximal doses of prostaglandin E2 and theophylline induced a similar response in tissue from both age groups in vitro. We conclude that these results are consistent with the hypothesis that an antisecretory factor, which naturally inhibits fluid losses in enterotoxigenic diarrhea, is produced in older animals.

The development of the digestive system of the young animal III. Carbohydrase enzyme development in the young lamb

1959 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Young Animal ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Total Acidity ◽  
Sucrase Activity ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Enzyme Development ◽  
Different Parts

1. Twelve lambs varying in age from 5 to 35 days in age were slaughtered and their carbohydrate-digesting enzymes studied for any change in activity with increase in age.2. Results are given for the changes in weight of different parts of the digestive organs and their contents, and for the content of NaCl and of total acidity in the abomasum contents.3. Pancreatic and small intestine amylase showed only a slight increase in activity up to 5 weeks of age.4. Lactase and maltase activity in the small intestine were almost constant from 1 week to 5 weeks of age.5. No sucrase activity was measurable in any of the lambs slaughtered in either the small intestine wall or its contents.6. A comparison was made between the carbohydrase activity of the young pig and the lamb.7. Calculations based on the enzyme activities of the tissues showed the theoretical amounts of different carbohydrates which can be digested by lambs and young pigs of varying age groups.8. The results suggest that the young lamb is dependent on the early development of its rumen fauna and flora for the utilization of all other carbohydrates except lactose and glucose.

scholarly journals Ontogeny of dipeptide uptake and peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) expression along the gastrointestinal tract in the neonatal Yucatan miniature pig

2012 ◽  
Vol 110 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew G. Nosworthy ◽  
Robert F. Bertolo ◽  
Janet A. Brunton
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Peptide Transport ◽  
Peptide Transporter ◽  
Loop Model ◽  
Peptide Transporter 1 ◽  
Proximal Intestine ◽  
Dipeptide Uptake ◽  
Dipeptide Transport

The H+-coupled transporter, peptide transporter 1 (PepT1), is responsible for the uptake of dietary di- and tripeptides in the intestine. Using an in vivo continuously perfused gut loop model in Yucatan miniature pigs, we measured dipeptide disappearance from four 10 cm segments placed at equidistant sites along the length of the small intestine. Pigs were studied at 1, 2, 3 (suckling) and 6 weeks (post-weaning) postnatal age. Transport capability across the PepT1 transporter was assessed by measuring the disappearance of 3H-glycylsarcosine; real-time RT-PCR was also used to quantify PepT1 mRNA. Each of the regions of intestine studied demonstrated the capacity for dipeptide transport. There were no differences among age groups in transport rates measured in the most proximal intestine segment. Transport of 3H-glycylsarcosine was significantly higher in the ileal section in the youngest age group (1 week) compared with the other the suckling groups; however, all suckling piglet groups demonstrated lower ileal transport compared with the post-weaned pigs. Colonic PepT1 mRNA was maximal in the earliest weeks of development and decreased to its lowest point by week 6. These results suggest that peptide transport in the small intestine may be of importance during the first week of suckling and again with diet transition following weaning.

scholarly journals Quantitative aspects of intestinal fat absorption in young pigs

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 739-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Freeman ◽  
D. E. Noakes ◽  
E. F. Annison ◽  
K. J. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Micellar Solutions ◽  
Fat Absorption ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Intestinal Fat Absorption

1. The uptake of lipid by the small intestine of the pig was examined by the perfusion of a segment of the jejunum with radioactively labelled lipid in vivo. The rate at which lipid was presented to the small intestine under specific dietary regimes was also examined by means of re-entrant fistulas in the duodenum and jejunum.2. The capacity of the small intestine to absorb micellar lipid, prepared in vitro or isolated from intestinal contents, was much in excess of the normal rate of flow of fat into the small intestine.3. There was little uptake of lipid when emulsions of oleic acid were examined, suggesting that the absorption of particulate fat is probably of little importance in pigs.4.No specificity in the removal of fatty acids from their mixed micellar solutions was observed.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial transcription factor A in RORγt+ lymphocytes regulate small intestine homeostasis and metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheng Fu ◽  
Joseph W. Dean ◽  
Lifeng Xiong ◽  
Michael W. Dougherty ◽  
Kristen N. Oliff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Th17 Cells ◽  
Tissue Remodeling ◽  
Mitochondrial Transcription ◽  
Mitochondrial Transcription Factor ◽  
Tuft Cell ◽  
Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A

AbstractRORγt+ lymphocytes, including interleukin 17 (IL-17)-producing gamma delta T (γδT17) cells, T helper 17 (Th17) cells, and group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), are important immune regulators. Compared to Th17 cells and ILC3s, γδT17 cell metabolism and its role in tissue homeostasis remains poorly understood. Here, we report that the tissue milieu shapes splenic and intestinal γδT17 cell gene signatures. Conditional deletion of mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) in RORγt+ lymphocytes significantly affects systemic γδT17 cell maintenance and reduces ILC3s without affecting Th17 cells in the gut. In vivo deletion of Tfam in RORγt+ lymphocytes, especially in γδT17 cells, results in small intestine tissue remodeling and increases small intestine length by enhancing the type 2 immune responses in mice. Moreover, these mice show dysregulation of the small intestine transcriptome and metabolism with less body weight but enhanced anti-helminth immunity. IL-22, a cytokine produced by RORγt+ lymphocytes inhibits IL-13-induced tuft cell differentiation in vitro, and suppresses the tuft cell-type 2 immune circuit and small intestine lengthening in vivo, highlighting its key role in gut tissue remodeling.

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