scholarly journals Effect of maternal age and growth on placental nutrient transport: potential mechanisms for teenagers' predisposition to small-for-gestational-age birth?

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (2) ◽  
pp. E233-E242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina E. Hayward ◽  
Susan L. Greenwood ◽  
Colin P. Sibley ◽  
Philip N. Baker ◽  
John R. G. Challis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Age And Growth ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Transporter Protein ◽  
System A ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Knee Height

Teenagers have an increased risk of delivering small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants. Young maternal age and continued skeletal growth have been implicated as causal factors. In growing adolescent sheep, impaired placental development and nutrient transfer cause reduced birth weight. In human pregnancies, SGA is associated with reduced placental amino acid transport. Maternal growth has no effect on placental morphology or cell turnover, but growing teenagers have higher birth weight:placental weight ratios than nongrowing teenagers. We hypothesized that placental nutrient transporter activity would be affected by maternal age and/or growth status. Placentas from teenagers and adults were collected. Teenagers were defined as growing or nongrowing based on knee height measurements. System A amino acid transporter activity was quantified as sodium-dependent uptake of [14C]methylaminoisobutyric acid into placental fragments. Teenagers had lower placental system A activity than adults ( P < 0.05). In adults, placental system A activity was lower in SGA infants than appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) infants ( P < 0.05). In teenagers, AGA and SGA infants had lower placental system A activity than AGA infants born to adults ( P < 0.05). Placental system A activity was higher in growing teenagers than in nongrowing teenagers ( P < 0.001). Placental mRNA expression of system A transporter isoforms SLC38A1 and -2 was lower in teenagers than in adults ( P < 0.05) but did not differ between growing and nongrowing teenagers. There was no difference in transporter protein expression/localization between cohorts. Teenagers have inherently reduced placental transport, which may underlie their susceptibility to delivering SGA infants. Growing teenagers appear to overcome this susceptibility by stimulating the activity, but not expression, of system A transporters.

scholarly journals Placental System A Amino Acid Transport is Reduced in Pregnancies With Small For Gestational Age (SGA) Infants but Not in Preeclampsia with SGA Infants

Placenta ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 879-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Shibata ◽  
C.A. Hubel ◽  
R.W. Powers ◽  
F. von Versen-Hoeynck ◽  
H. Gammill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Amino Acid Transport ◽  
Acid Transport ◽  
System A

scholarly journals The Association between Advanced Maternal Age and Diagnosis of Small for Gestational Age

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (01) ◽  
pp. 037-043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Palatnik ◽  
Sarah De Cicco ◽  
Liyun Zhang ◽  
Pippa Simpson ◽  
Judith Hibbard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Advanced Maternal Age ◽  
The United States ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Nulliparous Women ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Multiparous Women ◽  
Multivariable Analyses

Abstract Objectives To identify whether advanced maternal age (AMA), defined as age ≥35 years old, is independently associated with small for gestational age (SGA). Study Design This was a retrospective cohort of births from the National Vital Statistics System in the United States from 2009 to 2013. Women were categorized based on four age groups at the time of delivery: 20 to 29, 30 to 34, 35 to 39, and ≥40 years old. The primary outcome of SGA < 10th and SGA < 5th percentiles was compared between the four groups using both univariable and multivariable analyses to determine whether maternal age was associated with SGA independent of parity. Results A total of 17,031,005 births were eligible for analysis, with 2,705,501 births to AMA women. In multivariable analyses, maternal age of 30 to 34, compared with 20 to 29, was associated with lower rates of SGA < 10th and <5th percentiles (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.95–0.96 and aOR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96–0.98, respectively). The AMA of 35 to 39, compared with 20 to 29, was associated with lower rates of SGA < 10th percentile and unchanged rates of SGA < 5th percentile (aOR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96–0.98 and aOR = 1; 95% CI: 0.99–1.01, respectively). In contrast, AMA of ≥40, compared with age 20 to 29, was associated with higher rates of both SGA < 10th and <5th percentiles (aOR = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.04–1.07 and aOR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.12–1.16, respectively). A significant association was found between maternal age and parity toward the risk of SGA (p < 0.001). Nulliparous women ≥30 years old but not multiparous women had higher rates of SGA < 10th and SGA < 5th percentiles compared with nulliparous women in the age group of 20 to 29. In contrast, both nulliparous and multiparous women age ≥40 years old had an increased risk for SGA < 5th percentile compared with all women in the age group of 20 to 29. Conclusion Nulliparous women aged 30 years and older have higher risk of SGA < 10th and SGA < 5th percentiles compared with nulliparous women age 20 to 29. In contrast, both nulliparous and multiparous women age 40 years and older have an increased risk of SGA < 5th percentile compared with all women in the age group of 20 to 29.

scholarly journals Amino Acid (System A) Transporter Activity in Microvillous Membrane Vesicles from the Placentas of Appropriate and Small for Gestational Age Babies

1993 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhushy Maiiendran ◽  
Paul Donnai ◽  
Jocelyn D Glazier ◽  
Stephen W D'souza ◽  
Robert D H Boyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Acid System ◽  
System A ◽  
Microvillous Membrane Vesicles

scholarly journals Mediterranean Diet and Lifestyle Habits during Pregnancy: Is There an Association with Small for Gestational Age Infants? An Italian Single Centre Experience

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1941
Author(s):  
Rachele De Giuseppe ◽  
Manuela Bocchi ◽  
Silvia Maffoni ◽  
Elsa Del Bo ◽  
Federica Manzoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Lifestyle Habits ◽  
Increased Risk

Background. The small-for-gestational-age (SGA) in infants is related to an increased risk of developing Non-Communicable Diseases later in life. The Mediterranean diet (MD) is related to lower odds of being SGA. The study explored retrospectively the association between SGA, maternal MD adherence, lifestyle habits and other SGA risk factors during pregnancy. Methods. One hundred women (16–44 years) with a pregnancy at term were enrolled. Demographic data, parity, pre-gestational BMI, gestational weight gain, pregnancy-related diseases, and type of delivery were collected. The MD adherence (MEDI-LITE score ≥ 9), physical activity level, and smoking/alcohol consumption were registered. SGA neonates were diagnosed according to the neonatal growth curves. Results. Women were divided into “SGA group” vs. “non-SGA group”. The MD was adopted by 71% of women and its adherence was higher in the “non-SGA group” (p = 0.02). The prevalence of pregnancy-related diseases (gestational diabetes/pregnancy-induced hypertension) was higher in the “SGA group” (p = 0.01). The logistic regression showed that pregnancy-related diseases were the only independent risk factor for SGA. Conclusions. MD may indirectly reduce the risk of SGA since it prevents and exerts a positive effect on pregnancy-related diseases (e.g., gestational diabetes and hypertension). The small sample size of women in the SGA group of the study imposes a major limitation to the results and conclusions of this research, suggesting however that it is worthy of further investigation.

scholarly journals Prevalence of small for gestational age infants in 21 cities in China, 2014–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui He ◽  
Huazhang Miao ◽  
Zhijiang Liang ◽  
Ye Zhang ◽  
Wei Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Health Information System ◽  
Guangdong Province ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

AbstractInfants who are small for gestational age (SGA) are at increased risk of neonatal and infant death, non-communicable diseases and growth retardation. However, the epidemiological characteristics of SGA remain unclear. We aim to explore the prevalence of SGA and to examine its socioeconomic associations by using data from 21 cities. 10,515,494 single live birth records between 2014 and 2019 from the Guangdong Women and Children Health Information System were included in the study. Descriptive statistical methods were used to analyze the prevalence trend of SGA and its distribution. We also analyze the associations between the prevalence of SGA and per-capita GDP. The prevalence of SGA in Guangdong Province from the years 2014–2019 was 13.17%, 12.96%, 11.96%, 12.72%, 11.45%, 11.30% respectively, and the overall prevalence was 12.28%. The prevalence of term SGA infants in Guangdong Province was 12.50%, which was much higher than that of preterm SGA (7.71%). There was a significant negative correlation between the SGA prevalence and per-capita GDP in 21 cities of Guangdong Province. The level of economic development may affect the prevalence of SGA. The prevalence of SGA in full term infants is significantly higher than in premature infants, suggesting that most SGA infants may be born at a later gestational age.

scholarly journals 512: Are appropriately sized fetuses who “fall off the curve” at increased risk for small-for-gestational age at birth?

2018 ◽  
Vol 218 (1) ◽  
pp. S306-S307
Author(s):  
Nathan R. Blue ◽  
Mariam Savabi ◽  
Meghan E. Beddow ◽  
Vivek R. Katukuri ◽  
Cody M. Fritts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Gestational Age At Birth ◽  
Age At Birth

Preterm birth, low birthweight, and small for gestational age among women with preeclampsia: Does maternal age matter?

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 260-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xun Li ◽  
Weishe Zhang ◽  
Jianhua Lin ◽  
Huai Liu ◽  
Zujing Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Low Birthweight

scholarly journals Perinatal Outcomes of Small for Gestational Age in Twin Pregnancies: Twin vs. Singleton Charts

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 643
Author(s):  
Veronica Giorgione ◽  
Corey Briffa ◽  
Carolina Di Fabrizio ◽  
Rohan Bhate ◽  
Asma Khalil
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Perinatal Death ◽  
Perinatal Outcomes ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Twin Pregnancies

Twin pregnancies are commonly assessed using singleton growth and birth weight reference charts. This practice has led to a significant number of twins labelled as small for gestational age (SGA), causing unnecessary interventions and increased risk of iatrogenic preterm birth. However, the use of twin-specific charts remains controversial. This study aims to assess whether twin-specific estimated fetal weight (EFW) and birth weight (BW) charts are more predictive of adverse outcomes compared to singleton charts. Centiles of EFW and BW were calculated using previously published singleton and twin charts. Categorical data were compared using Chi-square or McNemar tests. The study included 1740 twin pregnancies, with the following perinatal adverse outcomes recorded: perinatal death, preterm birth <34 weeks, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) and admissions to the neonatal unit (NNU). Twin-specific charts identified prenatally and postnatally a smaller proportion of infants as SGA compared to singleton charts. However, twin charts showed a higher percentage of adverse neonatal outcomes in SGA infants than singleton charts. For example, perinatal death (SGA 7.2% vs. appropriate for gestational age (AGA) 2%, p < 0.0001), preterm birth <34 weeks (SGA 42.1% vs. AGA 16.4%, p < 0.0001), HDP (SGA 21.2% vs. AGA 13.5%, p = 0.015) and NNU admissions (SGA 69% vs. AGA 24%, p < 0.0001), when compared to singleton charts (perinatal death: SGA 2% vs. AGA 1%, p = 0.029), preterm birth <34 weeks: (SGA 20.6% vs. AGA 17.4%, p = 0.020), NNU admission: (SGA 34.5% vs. AGA 23.9%, p < 0.000). There was no significant association between HDP and SGA using the singleton charts (p = 0.696). In SGA infants, according to the twin charts, the incidence of abnormal umbilical artery Doppler was significantly more common than in SGA using the singleton chart (27.0% vs. 8.1%, p < 0.001). In conclusion, singleton charts misclassify a large number of twins as at risk of fetal growth restriction. The evidence suggests that the following twin-specific charts could reduce unnecessary medical interventions prenatally and postnatally.

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