Summation of behavioral and immunological stress: metabolic consequences to the growing mouse

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (1) ◽  
pp. E44-E49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin D. Laugero ◽  
Gary P. Moberg
Keyword(s):  
Energy Deposition ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Cumulative Effects ◽  
Interleukin 1Β ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Multiple Stress ◽  
Cumulative Cost ◽  
Immunological Stress ◽  
The Individual

To address the hypothesis that multiple stressors can have cumulative effects on the individual, we determined the effects of restraint (R) stress (4 h/day for 7 days), immunological (L) stress [lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, 0.45 μg/g body wt on days 6 and 7], and R + L (RL) on the growth and energetics of C57Bl/6 male mice. R and L each repeatedly increased ( P < 0.05) circulating corticosterone (>8 times), but RL caused even greater (>250%, P < 0.05) concentrations of circulating corticosterone than did either stressor alone. Only L and RL increased ( P < 0.05) circulating interleukin-1β. Although R, L, and RL impaired growth (>75% below controls, P < 0.05), RL reduced growth to a greater extent. All stressors inhibited ( P < 0.05) lean (>33% below controls) and fat (>120% below controls) energy deposition, and like the effects on growth, combined RL stress inhibited lean and fat energy deposition to a greater extent than did either stressor acting alone. These results demonstrated that the summation of multiple stress results in a cumulative cost to the growing animal.

Management and Handling of Commercial Crustaceans

2020 ◽  
pp. 496-524
Author(s):  
Adam Powell ◽  
Sara Barrento ◽  
Daniel M. Cowing
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Temperature Fluctuations ◽  
First Century ◽  
Behavioral Analysis ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Immunological Stress ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Current crustacean production (~14 Mt) and value (up to USD60 billion) is significant and likely to increase further during the twenty-first century. Satisfactory management and handling of live crustaceans are important to safeguard the value, security, safety, and sustainability of wild-caught and aquaculture-sourced fisheries and increasingly to foster improved welfare and public perception of both industries. Decapod crustaceans are frequently transported live and internationally over long distances and experience anthropogenic stressors from point of capture to point of sale. Physical handling, emersion in air, and temperature fluctuations are key examples of stressors, which elicit progressive behavioral, physiological, and immunological stress responses in crustaceans. Stress responses are initiated to return the individual to a state of homeostasis; if these fail, then physiological collapse, a loss of vitality, and death will likely occur. There are several ways to mitigate the impact of stressors, reduce associated stress responses, and thus maintain quantity (survival, weight) and quality (vitality, sensorial perception) of live crustaceans. These include improved fishing techniques, better handling and operating procedures, and the introduction of proven equipment and facilities during the supply chain. The action of stressors and the effectiveness of potential mitigating strategies have been studied intensively via behavioral analysis and hemolymph sampling to ascertain changes in metabolites and the immune system. Finally, improved handling and management include global and ethical considerations, supported by relevant research, which may be achieved by adopting best practices and standards and by ensuring welfare and disease regulations.

scholarly journals Multiple Stressors Determine Community Structure and Estimated Function of River Biofilm Bacteria

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferran Romero ◽  
Vicenç Acuña ◽  
Sergi Sabater
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Pesticide Exposure ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Hydrological Stress ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT Freshwater ecosystems are exposed to multiple stressors, but their individual and combined effects remain largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the response of stream biofilm bacterial communities to warming, hydrological stress, and pesticide exposure. We used 24 artificial streams on which epilithic (growing on coarse sediments) and epipsammic (growing on fine sediments) stream biofilms were maintained. Bacterial community composition and estimated function of biofilms exposed during 30 days to individual and combined stressors were assessed using 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding. Among the individual effects by stressors, hydrological stress (i.e., a simulated low-flow situation) was the most relevant, since it significantly altered 57% of the most abundant bacterial taxa (n = 28), followed by warming (21%) and pesticide exposure (11%). Regarding the combined effects, 16% of all stressor combinations resulted in significant interactions on bacterial community composition and estimated function. Antagonistic responses prevailed (57 to 89% of all significant interactions), followed by synergisms (11 to 43%), on specific bacterial taxa, indicating that multiple-stressor scenarios could lead to unexpected shifts in the community composition and associated functions of riverine bacterial communities. IMPORTANCE Freshwater ecosystems such as rivers are of crucial importance for human well-being. However, human activities result in many stressors (e.g., toxic chemicals, increased water temperatures, and hydrological alterations) cooccurring in rivers and streams worldwide. Among the many organisms inhabiting rivers and streams, bacteria are ecologically crucial; they are placed at the base of virtually all food webs and they recycle the organic matter needed for bigger organisms. Most of these bacteria are in close contact with river substratum, where they form the biofilms. There is an urgent need to evaluate the effects of these stressors on river biofilms, so we can anticipate future environmental problems. In this study, we experimentally exposed river biofilms to a pesticide mixture, an increase in water temperature and a simulated low-flow condition, in order to evaluate the individual and joint effects of these stressors on the bacterial community composition and estimated function.

scholarly journals A review of the effects of Bythotrephes longimanus and calcium decline on zooplankton communities — can interactive effects be predicted?

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shakira S.E. Azan ◽  
Shelley E. Arnott ◽  
Norman D. Yan
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Canadian Shield ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Bythotrephes Longimanus ◽  
Negative Impacts ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Zooplankton Communities ◽  
Shield Lakes ◽  
Review Current

Anthropogenic stressors including acid deposition, invasive species, and calcium (Ca) decline have produced widespread damage to Canadian Shield lakes, especially to their zooplankton communities. Here, we review current knowledge on the individual effects on zooplankton by the non-indigenous predator Bythotrephes longimanus and Ca decline; we identify knowledge gaps in this literature and examine the likely interactive impacts of Bythotrephes invasions and Ca decline on zooplankton. The negative impacts of Bythotrephes longimanus on zooplankton communities are well known, whereas current understanding of the effects of declining Ca on zooplankton is restricted to Daphnia spp.; hence, there is a large knowledge gap on how declining Ca may affect zooplankton communities in general. The co-occurring impacts of Bythotrephes and declining Ca have rarely been studied at the species level, and we expect daphniids, particularly Daphnia retrocurva and Daphnia pulicaria, to be the most sensitive to both stressors. We also expect a synergistic negative interaction on cladocerans in lakes with both stressors, leaving a community dominated by Holopedium glacialis and (or) copepods. Our predictions form testable hypotheses but since species and ecosystem response to multiple stressors are difficult to predict, we may actually see ecological surprises in Canadian Shield lakes as Bythotrephes continues to spread and Ca levels continue to fall.

scholarly journals Impact of Addiction on Family: An Exploratory Study with Reference to Slums in Kolkata

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-71
Author(s):  
Pearl Arlappa ◽  
Shrawani Jha ◽  
Jayaseeli S.
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Pharmaceutical Preparations ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Dysfunctional Family ◽  
Drug Dependent ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social Work Interventions

Addiction is a cancerous evil that is spreading its poisonous fang all over the world, effecting states, communities and individuals. In India the drugs that are commonly abused are heroin, cannabis, opium, pharmaceutical preparations, alcohol and tobacco. It has been seen that addiction to or a combination of substances not only effects the health of the individual and the economy of country but also has a detrimental impact on the family, giving rise to socio-economic problems which further result in chronic mental health issues. The paper highlights three major areas, i.e., socio-economic background of the respondents, the various social impact of addiction in a family and the possible intervention strategies to address the phenomenon of addiction. This paper is an outcome of case studies conducted in ten households with drug-dependent members and Focused Group Discussions with the youth and women of the concerned families living in the Tangra slum of Kolkata. The cases were acquired through snowball sampling method with the help of a Non-Governmental Organisation working in that area. The result of the research is that there are multiple stressors-like abuse, conflict, financial problems, etc., in a family which trigger addiction and this addiction in return results in dysfunctional family structure, affecting their mental health and community life, thus, creating a scope for Social Work intervention. The research describes the several multi-facetted consequences of addiction that not only affect the individual but also their family. Consideration of such factors will help in planning future social work interventions.

scholarly journals Effect of micro osteo-perforations (MOP) on the rate of tooth movement and levels of interleukin-1β - a split mouth study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkata Naidu Bavikati ◽  
Abdul Rasheed Muhameed ◽  
Nikitha Mohaley ◽  
Manjula K. Thimmaiah ◽  
Keerthi Kavya Botlagunta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tooth Movement ◽  
Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽  
Chemical Interaction ◽  
Invasive Procedure ◽  
Interleukin 1Β ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Canine Retraction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

Introduction. Various procedures are available today to enhance tooth movement, with relative success rates, one among them being Micro Osteo Perforation (MOP). Our aim is to assess the rate of tooth movement and interleukin 1β levels in gingival crevicular fluid levels (GCF)after MOPs. Methodology. A group of 22 patients were selected, who required first premolars extraction  and were designated for the split mouth study with equal allocation. MOP was performed on the right side, three vertical MOPs were given using 1.2 X 8 mm mini implants with the gap of 2 mm between them and surgical depth of the implant insertion was 5 mm. The left side was used as control. The individual canine retraction was initiated with placement of 150 grams on 19*25 SS wire. The case was evaluated at different timelines for canine retraction and Interleukin 1β levels. Results. There was a significant difference in the rate of canine movement at 45 days (1.42 mm) and end of canine retraction on experimental side(2.61 mm). The GCF levels were raised at T1 and T2 intervals on the side of MOP and were statically significant (p=0.00). Conclusion. MOP is a minimally invasive procedure which accelerates the tooth movement by 20%. The increase in IL 1βlevels indicates a higher rate of chemical interaction on the surgically assisted side. For enhanced efficiency MOPs should be repeated every 6-8 weeks.

Investigating the cumulative effects of multiple stressors on fish assemblages in a semi-enclosed bay

2020 ◽  
Vol 167 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasha K. Whitmarsh ◽  
Charlie Huveneers ◽  
Peter G. Fairweather
Keyword(s):  
Fish Assemblages ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Cumulative Effects ◽  
Enclosed Bay

scholarly journals Trade-Offs Underwater: Physiological Plasticity of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Confronted by Multiple Stressors

Fishes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Wernicke von Siebenthal ◽  
Kristina Rehberger ◽  
Christyn Bailey ◽  
Albert Ros ◽  
Elio Herzog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Phenotypic Flexibility ◽  
Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Individual

Organisms have evolved mechanisms to partition the available resources between fitness-relevant physiological functions. Organisms possess phenotypic plasticity to acclimate to changing environmental conditions. However, this comes at a cost that can cause negative correlations or “trade-offs”, whereby increasing investments in one function lead to decreased investments in another function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prioritization of resource allocation between growth, pathogen defense, and contaminant response in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to changes of resource income or expenditure. We performed a multifactorial experiment with three resource-impacting stressors—limited food availability, a parasitic infection, exposure to a vitellogenesis-inducing contaminant—and combinations thereof. Treatment with the individual stressors evoked the expected responses in the respective physiological target systems—body growth, immune system, and hepatic vitellogenin transcription—but we found little evidence for significant negative relations (trade-offs) between the three systems. This also applied to fish exposed to combinations of the stressors. This high phenotypic flexibility of trout in their resource allocation suggests that linear resource allocations as mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity may be too simplistic, but it also may point to a greater capacity of ectothermic than endothermic vertebrates to maintain key physiological processes under competing resource needs due to lower maintenance costs.

scholarly journals Genetic and reproductive toxicity of lamivudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, efavirenz and their combination in the bone marrow and testicular cells of male mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Adekunle A. Bakare ◽  
Kehinde M. Akinseye ◽  
Bayonle A. Aminu ◽  
Francis C. Ofoegbu ◽  
Saheed O. Anifowose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate ◽  
Reproductive Toxicity ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Testicular Cells ◽  
Adolescents And Adults ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe combination of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs: lamivudine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and efavirenz is among the preferred first-line regimens for adolescents and adults infected with HIV. However, knowledge on in vivo genetic and reproductive toxicity of each of these drugs and their combination is limited. We evaluated the genotoxicity of lamivudine, TDF, efavirenz and their combination utilizing the mouse micronucleus (MN) and sperm morphology tests. Histopathological analysis of the testes of exposed mice was also carried out. 0.016, 0.032, 0.064 and 0.129 mg/kg bwt of lamivudine, TDF and the combination; and 0.032, 0.064, 0.129 and 0.259 mg/kg bwt of efavirenz corresponding to 0.125, 0.250, 0.500 and 1.000 x the human therapeutic daily dose (HTD) of each of the ARVs and their combinations were administered to mice for 5 consecutive days. Data on MN showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) across the tested doses of TDF, efavirenz and the combination, with the combination inducing lower frequency of MN than TDF and efavirenz. Lamivudine did not evoke significant induction of MN. Significant increase in frequency of abnormal sperm cells were observed in the tested samples, however, the combination induced the highest number of abnormal spermatozoa. The ARVs and their combination induced pathological lesions such as vacuolation and necrosis in mice testes. These findings suggest that the individual ARVs and their combination are potentially capable of activating genetic alterations in the bone marrow and germ cells of male mice thereby raising concern for long term use by HIV patients.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document