Effect of whole-body X-irradiation on the adrenal medulla and the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline

1959 ◽  
Vol 197 (6) ◽  
pp. 1265-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
McC. Goodall ◽  
Merritt Long
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Noradrenaline Content ◽  
Post Irradiation ◽  
Physiological Demand ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Gland Content

The purpose of these experiments was to determine the effect of x-irradiation on the adrenaline and noradrenaline content of the adrenal gland and on the biosynthesis of these hormones. Rats, rabbits and cats were irradiated. Adrenal glands were removed at various times post irradiation and assayed for adrenaline and noradrenaline. Further, irradiated adrenal slices were incubated with labeled tyrosine and labeled methionine and the effect of irradiation upon the biosynthesis of adrenaline and noradrenaline determined. The results of these experiments show that x-irradiation (1770 r) does not decrease the biosynthesis of adrenaline and noradrenaline. However, whole-body irradiation does cause the adrenaline and noradrenaline content of the adrenal gland to decline; the adrenal gland content ultimately returns to normal. In view of these findings, it would seem that x-irradiation represents another form of ‘stress’ in which the physiological demand for adrenaline and noradrenaline is so great that the adrenal gland is partially or completely depleted of its adrenaline-noradrenaline storage.

Stimulation of cholesterol biosynthesis from acetate in rat liver and adrenals by whole body X-irradiation

1959 ◽  
Vol 196 (6) ◽  
pp. 1231-1237 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gordon Gould ◽  
Virginia L. Bell ◽  
Edith H. Lilly
Keyword(s):  
Rat Liver ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Cholesterol Biosynthesis ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Hepatic Cholesterol ◽  
Reliable Measure ◽  
Proximate Cause ◽  
Synthetic Rate ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Whole body x-irradiation resulted in an increased cholesterol biosynthesis in rat liver and adrenal glands, as measured by the rate of incorporation of either acetate-1-C14 or H3OH in intact animals. The effect was significant 24 hours postirradiation but was much larger at 48 hours, and was proportional to dosage over the range 300–2400 r. In liver the increase in rate was about 100%/100 r. Intestine showed no effect and carcass only a slight increase. Mice showed a small increase in hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis but rabbits and guinea pigs no significant change. Rats injected with both acetate-1-C14 and H3OH gave reasonably constant ratios of C14 and H3 in liver and carcass cholesterol in control and irradiated animals, supporting the hypothesis that the use of acetate-1-C14 in whole animals under standard conditions is a reliable measure of cholesterol biosynthetic rate. The proximate cause of the increased rate of cholesterol synthesis is postulated to be the decreased concentration; in liver a decrease of 0.12 mg/gm was correlated with a doubling of the synthetic rate.

Whole Body X-Irradiation, Nitrogen Excretion and the Adrenal Gland

Endocrinology ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. F. NIMS ◽  
R. E. THURBER
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
X Irradiation

Effects of hypophysectomy and metyrapone on the catecholamine content and volumes of adrenaline- and noradrenaline-storing cells in the rat adrenal medulla

1984 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Coupland ◽  
A. Tomlinson ◽  
J. Crowe ◽  
D. N. Brindley
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Medulla ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Corticosterone Concentration ◽  
Catecholamine Content ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats ◽  
The Right ◽  
Adrenal Volume

ABSTRACT Using morphometric analysis and high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection of catecholamines the volumes of adrenaline-storing (A) and noradrenaline-storing (NA) cells and the adrenaline and noradrenaline contents of adrenal glands of normal and age-matched hypophysectomized rats were determined and compared. Some hypophysectomized rats were also administered 150 mg metyrapone/kg daily for a 4-week period. Hypophysectomy resulted in an increase in noradrenaline storage in adrenal glands. This was more marked in hypophysectomized animals not treated with metyrapone even though the combination of metyrapone and hypophysectomy resulted in a reduction of blood corticosterone concentration to only ∼ 6% normal. There was no evidence of a change in proportion of A and NA cells in the adrenal medulla of hypophysectomized rats or hypophysectomized animals treated with metyrapone and it is concluded that the changes in amine concentrations and proportions observed reflect an increase in the storage of noradenaline in A cells as a consequence of less efficient methylation of noradrenaline after hypophysectomy. The findings also showed that the left adrenal gland and medulla was usually slightly larger and had a greater catecholamine content and slightly higher proportion of NA cells than the right adrenal gland. During the period of the experiment (animals aged 6–15 weeks) there was an increase in the concentration of both adrenaline and noradrenaline in the normal adrenal glands. In normal Sprague—Dawley rats weighing 140 and 400 g the adrenal medulla accounted for some 5% of adrenal volume; this increased to 13% after hypophysectomy; A and NA cells together accounted for 50–60% of the volume of adrenal medulla. J. Endocr. (1984) 101, 345–352

scholarly journals Radioprotective Effect of Arbutin in Megavoltage Therapeutic X-irradiated Mice using Liver Enzymes Assessment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Nadi ◽  
M Elahi ◽  
S Moradi ◽  
A Banaei ◽  
Gh Ataei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Radioprotective Effect ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Post Irradiation ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
One Way Anova

Introduction: Medical use of ionizing radiation has direct/indirect undesirable effects on normal tissues. In this study, the radioprotective effect of arbutin in megavoltage therapeutic x-irradiated mice was investigated using serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and asparate amniotransferase (AST) activity measurements.Material and Methods: In this analytical and experimental lab study, sixty mice (12 identical groups) were irradiated with 6 MV x-ray beam (2 and 4 Gy in one fraction). Arbutin concentrations were chosen 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg and injected intraperitoneal 2 hours before irradiation. Samples of peripheral blood cells were collected and serum was separated on the 1, 3, and 7 days post-x-radiation; in addition, the level of ALP, ALT, and AST were measured. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, and Tukey HSD test.Results: X-radiation (2 and 4 Gy) increased the ALT and AST activity levels on the 1, 3, and 7 days post- irradiation, but the ALP level significantly increased on the 1 and 7 days and decreased on the third day compared to the control group (P< 0.001). ALP, ALT and AST activity levels in “2 and 4 Gy x irradiation + distilled water” groups were significantly higher than “2 and 4 Gy irradiation + 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg arbutin” groups on the first and seventh day post-irradiation (P< 0.001).Conclusion: Arbutin is a strong radioprotector for reducing the radiation effect on the whole-body tissues by measuring ALP, ALT and AST enzyme activity levels. Furthermore, the concentration of 50 mg/kg arbutin showed higher radioprotective effect.

EFFECTS OF X-IRRADIATION ON THE ADRENAL GLANDS OF IMMATURE RATS

1966 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. WALL
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Compensatory Hypertrophy ◽  
Adrenal Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Immature Rats ◽  
X Irradiation ◽  
And Control

SUMMARY Localized X-irradiation of the adrenal glands of male rats aged 3–36 days inhibited subsequent gain in body weight and in the growth of the adrenal glands, the degree of retardation depending on the dose applied (400–1800 r.). The cortico-medullary ratio was essentially the same in irradiated and control animals. As judged by compensatory hypertrophy of one adrenal gland after the removal of the other, adrenal function was unaffected by X-irradiation within the range of doses and ages investigated.

II. Biphasischer Anstieg der Corticosteroide in Nebennieren und Blut von Ratten nach Ganzkörper-Röntgenbestrahlung

1967 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Flemming ◽  
W. Hemsing ◽  
B. Geierhaas
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
X Ray

Whole body X-ray radiation of rats led to a biphasic increase in the corticosteroid content of the adrenal glands, of the venous blood of the adrenal gland, and of the peripheral blood. The first phase began about one hour after radiation and was clearly discernible after 2.5 hours. After a temporary normalisation period, the second increase was detectable after 72 hours. It was considerably larger than the first. The changes in adrenal and blood corticosteroids changed in parallel; there was no indication of inhibition of adrenal secretions. Ether narcosis increased the corticosteroid level in the blood. Sham irradiation of previously not accustomed rats caused a significant increase in the corticosteroids of peripheral blood, but not of the adrenal gland. This effect was not found in previously accustomed animals.The results show no indication of a drop in corticosteroids in the blood and adrenal gland after whole body X-ray exposure.

Effects of Social Environment on Mortality to Whole Body X-Irradiation in the Rat

1963 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-215E ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Ader ◽  
Eric W. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Post Irradiation ◽  
X Irradiation

Group- and individually-reared rats were exposed to 750 r of whole body x-irradiation and then subdivided into group- and individually-housed samples. There were no differential effects of housing on mortality rate among males. Among females there was an apparent interaction between the pre- and post-irradiation conditions of housing such that for the group-reared females there was a significantly greater mortality rate in the animals housed in groups than in those housed individually.

The Response of Testis Cells to Low Dose X-Irradiation

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 542-543
Author(s):  
D. E. Philpott ◽  
W. Sapp ◽  
C. Williams ◽  
Joann Stevenson ◽  
S. Black
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Dose Level ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Post Irradiation ◽  
X Irradiation

The response of spermatogonial cells to X-irradiation is well documented. It has been shown that there is a radiation resistent stem cell (As) which, after irradiation, replenishes the seminiferous epithelium. Most investigations in this area have dealt with radiation dosages of 100R or more. This study was undertaken to observe cellular responses at doses less than 100R of X-irradiation utilizing a system in which the tissue can be used for light and electron microscopy.Brown B6D2F1 mice aged 16 weeks were exposed to X-irradiation (225KeV; 15mA; filter 0.35 Cu; 50-60 R/min). Four mice were irradiated at each dose level between 1 and 100 rads. Testes were removed 3 days post-irradiation, fixed, and embedded. Sections were cut at 2 microns for light microscopy. After staining, surviving spermatogonia were identified and counted in tubule cross sections. The surviving fraction of spermatogonia compared to control, S/S0, was plotted against dose to give the curve shown in Fig. 1.

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