scholarly journals Sex-specific effects of sex steroids on alveolar epithelial Na+ transport

2017 ◽  
Vol 312 (3) ◽  
pp. L405-L414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Haase ◽  
Mandy Laube ◽  
Ulrich H. Thome
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Ussing Chamber ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Channel Expression ◽  
Male Sex

Alveolar fluid clearance mediates perinatal lung transition to air breathing in newborn infants, which is accomplished by epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC) and Na-K-ATPase. Male sex represents a major risk factor for developing respiratory distress, especially in preterm infants. We previously showed that male sex is associated with reduced epithelial Na+ transport, possibly contributing to the sexual dimorphism in newborn respiratory distress. This study aimed to determine sex-specific effects of sex steroids on epithelial Na+ transport. The effects of testosterone, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol, and progesterone on Na+ transport and Na+ channel expression were determined in fetal distal lung epithelial (FDLE) cells of male and female rat fetuses by Ussing chamber and mRNA expression analyses. DHT showed a minor effect only in male FDLE cells by decreasing epithelial Na+ transport. However, flutamide, an androgen receptor antagonist, did not abolish the gender imbalance, and testosterone lacked any effect on Na+ transport in male and female FDLE cells. In contrast, estradiol and progesterone increased Na+ transport and Na+ channel expression especially in females, and prevented the inhibiting effect of DHT in males. Estrogen receptor inhibition decreased Na+ channel expression and eliminated the sex differences. In conclusion, female sex steroids stimulate Na+ transport especially in females and prevent the inhibitory effect of DHT in males. The ineffectiveness of testosterone suggests that Na+ transport is largely unaffected by androgens. Thus, the higher responsiveness of female cells to female sex steroids explains the higher Na+ transport activity, possibly leading to a functional advantage in females.

Sex steroids regulate pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine release by macrophages after trauma-hemorrhage

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (1) ◽  
pp. C35-C42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin K. Angele ◽  
Markus W. Knöferl ◽  
Martin G. Schwacha ◽  
Alfred Ayala ◽  
William G. Cioffi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Peritoneal Macrophage ◽  
Kupffer Cell ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Splenic Macrophage ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
Tissue Trauma

Studies indicate that macrophage immune responses in males are depressed after trauma-hemorrhage, whereas they are enhanced in females under such conditions. Nonetheless, the involvement of male and female sex steroids in this gender-dependent dimorphic immune response after trauma-hemorrhage remains unclear. To study this, male C3H/HeN mice were castrated and treated with pellets containing either vehicle, 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 17β-estradiol, or a combination of both steroid hormones for 14 days before soft tissue trauma (i.e., laparotomy) and hemorrhagic shock (35 ± 5 mmHg for 90 min followed by adequate fluid resuscitation) or a sham operation. Twenty-four hours later the animals were killed, plasma was obtained, and Kupffer cell and splenic and peritoneal macrophage cultures were established. For DHT-treated mice, we observed significantly decreased releases of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 by splenic macrophage (−50 and −57%, respectively) and peritoneal macrophage (−51 and −52%, respectively) cultures after trauma-hemorrhage compared with releases by cultures of cells from mice subjected to a sham operation; in contrast, responses of splenic and peritoneal macrophage cultures from other groups subjected to trauma-hemorrhage did not change significantly. In addition, only DHT-treated animals exhibited increased Kupffer cell IL-6 release (+634%). The release of IL-10 in DHT-treated hemorrhaged animals was increased compared with that in sham-operated animals but was decreased in estrogen-treated mice under such conditions. These results suggest that male and female sex steroids exhibit divergent immunomodulatory properties with respect to cell-mediated immune responses after trauma-hemorrhage.

Controlling intimacy: Sexual scripts among men and women in prostitution

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaretha Järvinen ◽  
Theresa Dyrvig Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Sexual Scripts ◽  
The Other ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Emotional Distance ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
And Control

Inspired by sexual scripting theory, this article analyses intimacy and control in prostitution. The authors identify two strategies for maintaining control among male and female sex sellers. The first strategy is to restrict prostitution to relationships with as much sexual reciprocity as possible. The other is to maintain sexual/emotional distance from customers – yet often acting the opposite. The article questions prevailing stereotypes about male sex sellers being more agentic and autonomous than female sex sellers, arguing that control in prostitution can be achieved (and lost) in different ways. The analysis shows how scripting theory – with its differentiation between the cultural, interpersonal and intrapsychic levels of scripting – may be used to understand variations and contradictions in prostitution experiences. The article is based on 36 qualitative interviews with men and women in escort services, clinic prostitution and prostitution in private apartments in Denmark.

scholarly journals Effects of Sex Steroids on Secretory Granule Formation in Gonadotropes of Castrated Male Rats with Respect to Granin Expression*

Endocrinology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 139 (6) ◽  
pp. 2765-2773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsuyoshi Watanabe ◽  
Tomohiro Banno ◽  
Thomas Jeziorowski ◽  
Yoshiyuki Ohsawa ◽  
Satoshi Waguri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Chromogranin A ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Granule Formation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Immunocytochemical Studies ◽  
Circulating Levels

Abstract Pituitary gonadotropes show sex-related differences in their ultrastructure. Typical gonadotropes of male rats exhibit both large granules, which contain chromogranin A (CgA), and small granules, which contain secretogranin II (SgII). In contrast, typical female rat gonadotropes show only a very few large granules among the numerous small granules. To clarify the nature of the biogenesis of these secretory granules and the effects of sex steroids, the ultrastructural and immunocytochemical changes in gonadotropes were examined in castrated male rats supplied with a testosterone or estradiol implant. In castrated rats, pituitary expression and plasma levels of LH increased drastically, but the pituitary content of CgA decreased. The majority of gonadotropes then showed features of “castration cells” containing many small secretory granules. A testosterone implant to castrated rats remarkably suppressed the expression and circulating levels of LH and increased the CgA content in the pituitary to near-normal levels. In this situation, immunocytochemical studies demonstrated that gonadotropes again exhibited large and small secretory granules with the respective localization of CgA and SgII. On the contrary, in castrated rats supplied with an estradiol implant, the expression and content of CgA in the pituitary were remarkably suppressed, and large secretory granules disappeared from gonadotropes. These results suggest that the expression of CgA in gonadotropes is regulated differently by male and female sex steroids. These different effects of androgen and estrogen on the expression level of CgA are closely associated with the sex-related differences in the ultrastructure of secretory granules within gonadotropes.

DO MALE AND FEMALE SEX STEROIDS PRODUCE DIFFERENT EFFECTS ON KUPFFER CELL PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE RELEASE FOLLOWING HEMORRHAGE.

Shock ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 16-17
Author(s):  
M. K. Angele ◽  
M. W. Knöferl ◽  
A. Ayala ◽  
W. G. Cioffi ◽  
K. I. Bland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kupffer Cell ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokine ◽  
Cytokine Release ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Sex

SEX STEROIDS STIMULATE THE ACTIVITY OF HYPOTHALAMIC ARYLAMIDASES IN THE RAT

1974 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Kuhl ◽  
Christian Rosniatowski ◽  
Siang-An Oen ◽  
Hans-Dieter Taubert
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Steroid Treatment ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

ABSTRACT The effect of steroid treatment on the activity of hypothalamic arylamidases in male and female rats was investigated. A new and improved method for the assay of arylamidase activity utilizing L-α-amino acid-p-nitroanilides as substrates is presented. The influence of varying experimental conditions on the activity of hypothalamic arylamidases hydrolyzing the p-nitroanilides of cystine, glutamic acid, alanine, tyrosine, leucine, and phenylalanine, such as changes of substrate and enzyme concentration, temperature, incubation time, and pH, were tested. There was a sex-dependent response in the activity of hypothalamic arylamidases to treatment of the rats with sex steroids. In female rats, the injection of 7 μg of ethinyloestradiol was followed 16 hours later by a significant rise of L-cystine and L-glutamic acid arylamidase activity. In male rats, the injection of testosterone and of ethinyloestradiol respectively brought about a general stimulation of all enzyme activities. This indicates that this enzyme system of the male and female rat hypothalamus responds to steroid treatment of the animals with a sex-specific pattern.

UPTAKE OF SEX STEROIDS BY THE HYPOTHALAMUS AND ANTERIOR PITUITARY OF PRE- AND NEONATAL RATS

1972 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pentti Tuohimaa ◽  
Mikko Niemi
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Liquid Scintillation ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Neonatal Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACT Male and female rat foetuses taken two days before birth, newly born or when 2 days old were injected subcutaneously with tritium labelled testosterone or oestradiol. One hour later the accumulation of radioactivity in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and anterior pituitary of the foetuses was studied by means of a microcombustion technique in order to process the samples for liquid scintillation spectrometry. The anterior pituitary accumulated the highest amount of radioactivity i. e. about twice the amount recovered in the brain. No difference was found in the radioactivity of the hypothalamus as compared to that of the cerebral cortex. Both steroids were accumulated equally in the tissues investigated. The retention of the radioactivity was higher in the neonatal than in adult rats. However, no sex difference was observed in the binding capacity of the hypothalamus or the pituitary gland of the newly born animals.

Female sex steroids modulate alveolar epithelial sodium transport

2010 ◽  
Vol 222 (S 01) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Laube ◽  
E Küppers ◽  
U Thome
Keyword(s):  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Sodium Transport ◽  
Alveolar Epithelial ◽  
Female Sex

GONADOTROPHIN PATTERNS IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS:

1968 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Boyd ◽  
Donald C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Feedback Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Prostate Weight ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Normal Males

ABSTRACT The effects of various doses of testosterone propionate (TP) upon the release of luteinizing hormone (LH or ICSH) from the hypophysis of a gonadectomized male or female rat were compared. Prostate weight in hypophysectomized male parabiotic partners was used to evaluate the quantity of circulating LH. Hypophyseal LH was measured by the ovarian ascorbic acid depletion method. Males castrated when 45 days old secreted significantly more LH and had three times the amount of pituitary LH as ovariectomized females. Administration of 25 μg TP daily reduced the amount of LH in the plasma, and increased the amount in the pituitary gland, in both sexes. Treatment with 50 μg caused a further reduction in plasma LH in males, but not in females, while pituitary levels in both were equal to that of their respective controls. LH fell to the same low level in partners of males or females receiving 100 μg TP. When gonadectomized at 39 days, males and females had the same amount of plasma LH, but males had more stored hormone. Pituitary levels were unchanged from controls following treatment with 12.5, 25 or 50 μg TP daily, but plasma values dropped an equal amount in both sexes with the latter two doses. Androgenized males or females, gonadectomized when 39 days old, were very sensitive to the effects of TP and plasma LH was significantly reduced with 12.5 μg daily. Pituitary LH in androgenized males was higher than that of normal males but was reduced to normal by small amounts of TP. The amount of stored LH in androgenized females was not different from that of normal females and it was unchanged by any dose of TP tested. Results are consistent with the conclusion that the male hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis is at least as sensitive as the female axis to the negative feedback effects of TP. Androgenization increases the sensitivity to TP in both males and females.

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