Central administration of alpha-MSH antiserum augments fever in the rabbit

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (5) ◽  
pp. R803-R806 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Shih ◽  
O. Khorram ◽  
J. M. Lipton ◽  
S. M. McCann
Keyword(s):  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Normal Body Temperature ◽  
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Average Rise ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Antipyretic Action

alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) has a marked antipyretic action when given centrally or peripherally, and the concentration of this peptide within the septal region of the brain increases during fever. To assess the significance of endogenous central alpha-MSH in fever, antiserum was given to rabbits via a cannula implanted in the third cerebral ventricle. Each day for 3 days, the animals received 50 microliters of normal rabbit serum (NRS) or an equal volume of antiserum raised against alpha-MSH. Interleukin 1 (IL 1) was then injected intravenously to determine the effect of central immunoneutralization of alpha-MSH on the febrile response. Immunoneutralization markedly prolonged fever. The average rise in temperature and the area under the fever curve after IL 1 injection were also significantly increased. Antiserum treatment did not alter normal body temperature, and NRS had no effect on IL 1-induced fever. These results indicate that endogenous central alpha-MSH contributes to physiological limitation of fever and that the role of this peptide in temperature regulation is relevant to the febrile state but not to normothermia.

scholarly journals Brain Perivascular Macrophages Do Not Mediate Interleukin-1-Induced Sickness Behavior in Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 1030
Author(s):  
Léa Chaskiel ◽  
Robert Dantzer ◽  
Jan Konsman
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Sickness Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Activity ◽  
Activated Macrophages ◽  
Perivascular Macrophages ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Do So

Sickness behavior, characterized by on overall reduction in behavioral activity, is commonly observed after bacterial infection. Sickness behavior can also be induced by the peripheral administration of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory cytokine released by LPS-activated macrophages. In addition to the microglia, the brain contains perivascular macrophages, which express the IL-1 type 1 receptor (IL-1R1). In the present study, we assessed the role of brain perivascular macrophages in mediating IL-1β-induced sickness behavior in rats. To do so, we used intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of an IL-1β-saporin conjugate, known to eliminate IL-R1-expressing brain cells, prior to systemic or central IL-1β injection. Icv IL-1β-saporin administration resulted in a reduction in brain perivascular macrophages, without altering subsequent icv or ip IL-1β-induced reductions in food intake, locomotor activity, and social interactions. In conclusion, the present work shows that icv IL-1β-saporin administration is an efficient way to target brain perivascular macrophages, and to determine whether these cells are involved in IL-1β-induced sickness behavior.

scholarly journals The Antiobesity Effects of Centrally Administered Neuromedin U and Neuromedin S Are Mediated Predominantly by the Neuromedin U Receptor 2 (NMUR2)

Endocrinology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (7) ◽  
pp. 3101-3109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Peier ◽  
Jennifer Kosinski ◽  
Kimberly Cox-York ◽  
Ying Qian ◽  
Kunal Desai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Inhibit Food Intake ◽  
Selective Agonists ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Deficient Mice

Neuromedin U (NMU) and neuromedin S (NMS) are structurally related neuropeptides that have been reported to modulate energy homeostasis. Pharmacological data have shown that NMU and NMS inhibit food intake when administered centrally and that NMU increases energy expenditure. Additionally, NMU-deficient mice develop obesity, whereas transgenic mice overexpressing NMU are lean and hypophagic. Two high-affinity NMU/NMS receptors, NMUR1 and NMUR2, have been identified. NMUR1 is predominantly expressed in the periphery, whereas NMUR2 is predominantly expressed in the brain, suggesting that the effects of centrally administered NMU and NMS are mediated by NMUR2. To evaluate the role of NMUR2 in the regulation of energy homeostasis, we characterized NMUR2-deficient (Nmur2−/−) mice. Nmur2−/− mice exhibited a modest resistance to diet-induced obesity that was at least in part due to reduced food intake. Acute central administration of NMU and NMS reduced food intake in wild-type but not in Nmur2−/− mice. The effects on activity and core temperature induced by centrally administered NMU were also absent in Nmur2−/− mice. Moreover, chronic central administration of NMU and NMS evoked significant reductions in body weight and sustained reductions in food intake in mice. In contrast, Nmur2−/− mice were largely resistant to these effects. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the anorectic and weight-reducing actions of centrally administered NMU and NMS are mediated predominantly by NMUR2, suggesting that NMUR2-selective agonists may be useful for the treatment of obesity.

Inactivation of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) by normal rabbit serum: Implications for the role of the envelope protein VP28 in WSSV infection of shrimp

2006 ◽  
Vol 118 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 55-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Robalino ◽  
Caroline Payne ◽  
Pamela Parnell ◽  
Eleanor Shepard ◽  
Adrian C. Grimes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Envelope Protein ◽  
White Spot Syndrome Virus ◽  
White Spot ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
White Spot Syndrome

The role of amylin in the control of energy homeostasis

2010 ◽  
Vol 298 (6) ◽  
pp. R1475-R1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Lutz
Keyword(s):  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Area Postrema ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Hypothalamic Area ◽  
Chronic Infusion ◽  
The Brain

Amylin is an important player in the control of nutrient fluxes. Amylin reduces eating via a meal size effect by promoting meal-ending satiation. This effect seems to depend on a direct action in the area postrema (AP), which is an area rich in amylin receptors. Subsequent to the activation of AP neurons, the neural signal is conveyed to the forebrain via relays involving the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN) to the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and other hypothalamic nuclei. While the NTS and lPBN seem to be necessary for amylin's eating inhibitory effect, the role of the LHA has not yet been fully investigated. Amylin may also act as an adiposity signal. Plasma levels of amylin are higher in obese individuals, and chronic infusion of amylin into the brain reduces body weight gain and adiposity; chronic infusion of an amylin receptor antagonist into the brain increases body adiposity. Amylin increases energy expenditure in rats; this effect occurs under various experimental conditions after peripheral and central administration. Together, these animal data, but also clinical data in humans, indicate that amylin is a promising candidate for the treatment of obesity; effects are most pronounced when amylin is combined with leptin. Finally, recent findings indicate that amylin acts as a neurotrophic factor in specific brain stem areas. Whether this effect may be relevant under physiological conditions requires further studies.

Ghrelin microinjection into forebrain sites induces wakefulness and feeding in rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (1) ◽  
pp. R575-R585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éva Szentirmai ◽  
Levente Kapás ◽  
James M. Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
Hormone Release ◽  
Central Administration ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Regulatory Circuit ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Injections ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Peptide

Ghrelin, a gut-brain peptide, is best known for its role in the stimulation of feeding and growth hormone release. In the brain, orexin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), and ghrelin are parts of a food intake regulatory circuit. Orexin and NPY are also implicated in maintaining wakefulness. Previous experiments in our laboratory revealed that intracerebroventricular injections of ghrelin induce wakefulness in rats. To further elucidate the possible role of ghrelin in the regulation of arousal, we studied the effects of microinjections of ghrelin into hypothalamic sites, which are implicated in the regulation of feeding and sleep, such as the lateral hypothalamus (LH), medial preoptic area (MPA), and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) on sleep in rats. Sleep responses, motor activity, and food intake after central administration of 0.04, 0.2, or 1 μg (12, 60, or 300 pmol) ghrelin were recorded. Microinjections of ghrelin into the LH had strong wakefulness-promoting effects lasting for 2 h. Wakefulness was also stimulated by ghrelin injection into the MPA and PVN; the effects were confined to the first hour after the injection. Ghrelin's non-rapid-eye-movement sleep-suppressive effect was accompanied by attenuation in the electroencephalographic (EEG) slow-wave activity and changes in the EEG power spectrum. Food consumption was significantly stimulated after microinjections of ghrelin into each hypothalamic site. Together, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that forebrain ghrelinergic mechanisms play a role in the regulation of vigilance, possibly through activating the components of the food intake- and arousal-promoting network formed by orexin and NPY.

Antiserum against tumor necrosis factor enhances lipopolysaccharide fever in rats

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (2) ◽  
pp. R332-R337 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Long ◽  
S. L. Kunkel ◽  
A. J. Vander ◽  
M. J. Kluger
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Tumor Necrosis ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Control Serum ◽  
Necrosis Factor

The role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF, cachectin), a putative endogenous pyrogen, was investigated by comparing fever and plasma TNF levels after the intraperitoneal and intramuscular injection of 10 micrograms/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into male Sprague-Dawley rats and by neutralization of endogenous TNF using TNF antiserum. An intraperitoneal injection of LPS caused a biphasic fever that lasted approximately 6.5 h. TNF levels in these rats peaked at 657 +/- 222 U/ml at 1 h then declined to virtually undetectable levels by the fourth hour. The intramuscularly injected animals showed a lower monophasic fever and low sustained TNF levels (40 +/- 10 U/ml at 1 h, 18 +/- 11 U/ml at 4 h). In a second study, an antiserum that had been shown to neutralize rat TNF was injected intraperitoneally 2 h before the intramuscular injection of 10 micrograms/kg LPS. Control rats were injected with normal rabbit serum before LPS. During the second hour after the injection of LPS, the animals that received the antiserum developed fevers that tended to be lower than those seen in the rats that were injected with control serum (0.33 +/- 0.06 vs. 0.58 +/- 0.1), although this difference was not significant. However, during the third through eighth hours after LPS, the antiserum-injected rats had mean body temperatures that were significantly higher than those of the control rats (1.62 +/- 0.11 vs. 1.07 +/- 0.09; P = 0.0005).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The role of somatostatin and/or dopamine in basal and TRH-stimulated TSH release in food-restricted rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Rodriguez ◽  
Trinidad Jolin
Keyword(s):  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Dopamine Antagonists ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Gh Secretion ◽  
Endogenous Dopamine ◽  
Tsh Secretion ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Function ◽  
Plasma Gh

Abstract. The present study was carried out to examine the role of endogenous dopamine and somatostatin in the mechanisms involved in the restricted feeding-induced inhibition of TSH secretion in rats. GH secretion was examined in parallel. Restricted feeding by 50% or 75% was associated with a decrease in the pituitary and circulating levels of TSH and GH in both untreated and TRH-treated groups (p<0.001), the changes being proportional to the feeding level. Intravenous injections of the dopamine antagonists, domperidone or haloperidol, failed to affect the magnitude of the differences in plasma TSH and GH levels among control and food-restricted groups, indicating that dopaminergic mechanisms had little effect on the regulation of TSH and GH secretion during restricted feeding in rats. Cerebroventricular injection of somatostatin anti-serum resulted in a marked increase in plasma TSH and GH levels in all the experimental groups (p<0.001). The increase in plasma GH and TSH induced by somatostatin anti-serum was greater in rats fed a 25% diet than in either controls or rats fed 50% of the diet; the values for the latter two groups were also different (p<0.001). The decreased TSH and GH values in somatostatin anti-serum-treated food restricted rats as compared with those in control animals on somatostatin anti-serum or normal rabbit serum can probably be attributed to the decreased available pituitary TSH and GH pools. The data indicate that long-term restricted feeding affects anterior pituitary function in rats, presumably reflecting alterations in the secretion of an inhibiting hormone, somatostatin.

ROLE OF INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTORS IN THE BRAIN-ENDOCRINE-IMMUNE AXIS

1992 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 663A-664A
Author(s):  
ERROL B. DE SOUZA ◽  
TOSHIHIRO TAKAO
Keyword(s):  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
The Brain

Role of prostaglandins E1, E2and F2α in the brain in interleukin 1 β-induced adrenocorticotropin secretion in the rat

Cytokine ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 710-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajime Watanobe ◽  
Shinsuki Sasaki ◽  
Kazuo Takebe
Keyword(s):  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Role of laminin in epithelium formation by F9 aggregates.

1983 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Grover ◽  
G Andrews ◽  
E D Adamson
Keyword(s):  
Basement Membrane ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Embryoid Bodies ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Normal Rabbit Serum ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Epithelial Layer ◽  
Afp Production

The formation and maturation of the outer epithelial layer is essential for maximal alphafetoprotein (AFP) production during differentiation of F9 embryoid bodies in the presence of 5 X 10(-8) M retinoic acid (Grover et al., 1983. J. Cell Biol. 96:1690-1696). The critical phase is between the third and the fourth day when the components of the extracellular matrix organize into a basement membrane. The role of some of these components in the process of epithelium formation and maturation is analyzed in this paper. The role of laminin was investigated by testing the effect of exogenous laminin and antilaminin in cultures of differentiating F9 aggregates. Tests included growth rates, morphological changes, AFP production, determination of AFP mRNA levels, and fluorescent staining for basement membrane components and for epithelial markers. At concentrations greater than 5 micrograms/ml, exogenous laminin inhibited the production of AFP and prevented AFP gene transcription. On the basis of immunofluorescence tests, exogenous laminin appeared to act by preventing the accumulation of a basement membrane and by disrupting the organization of the outer layer into an epithelium. No such effects were produced by fibronectin or collagens type I or IV. Aggregates cultured in the presence of antilaminin also failed to organize an epithelium and did not produce AFP, whereas those in normal rabbit serum differentiated normally. Therefore, endogenous laminin plays a key role not only as a basement membrane structural component but also in organizing the epithelial layer of endoderm cells and hence (indirectly) in gene expression.

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