No effect of prostaglandin synthesis inhibition on muscle reflexes in fetal lambs

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (5) ◽  
pp. R1213-R1216
Author(s):  
D. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Mean Amplitude ◽  
Spinal Reflexes ◽  
Digastric Muscle ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Semitendinosus Muscle ◽  
Fetal Breathing ◽  
Fetal Breathing Movements ◽  
Change In The Mean ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Brain

The effects of inhibiting prostaglandin (PG) synthesis on fetal breathing movements and on the amplitude of reflex contraction of the digastric muscle (five trials) or hindlimb semitendinosus muscle (seven trials) has been studied in six fetal lambs at 123-139 days gestation. Infusion of either indomethacin (100 mg) or acetaminophen (300 mg) in 30 ml saline over 30 min resulted in an increase in the amplitude and incidence of breathing movements for 3-18 h in the different trials, but there was no change in the mean amplitude of either reflex or in the normal variation of reflex amplitude with changes in electrocortical activity. It is concluded that PGs modulate fetal breathing movements by an action on the brain stem chemoreceptors but do not alter the excitability of neural pathways subserving some cranial and spinal reflexes.

Maternal pinealectomy alters the daily pattern of fetal breathing in sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (1) ◽  
pp. R284-R287 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. McMillen ◽  
R. Nowak ◽  
D. W. Walker ◽  
I. R. Young
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Day ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Daily Pattern ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fetal Breathing ◽  
Fetal Breathing Movements ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pregnant Ewe

We have investigated the effect of pinealectomy of the pregnant ewe on the 24-h pattern of fetal breathing activity during late gestation. Fetal breathing movements were recorded during 24-h periods on 18 occasions in 5 pinealectomized ewes and on 24 occasions in 6 pineal-intact ewes between 120 and 145 days gestation. All ewes were fed once daily between 1000 and 1300 h and were kept under a light-dark cycle 12:12 h. There was no significant difference in the mean hourly incidence of fetal breathing movements between the pineal-intact (27.2 +/- 0.5 min/h) and pinealectomized (25.5 +/- 0.6 min/h) groups. However, there was a significant difference in the 24-h profiles of fetal breathing movements in the two groups. The peak incidence of fetal breathing occurred between 1900 and 2000 h in the pineal-intact ewes and between 1200 and 1300 h in the pinealectomized ewes. We conclude that maternal pinealectomy alters the daily pattern of a fetal behavioral pattern and that maternal melatonin may therefore provide the fetus with information about time of day.

scholarly journals How Variable Is the Uncertainty in ENSO Sea Surface Temperature Prediction?

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (7) ◽  
pp. 2779-2788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Kumar ◽  
Zeng-Zhen Hu
Keyword(s):  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Mean Amplitude ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Atmospheric Variability ◽  
Seasonal Predictability ◽  
Change In The Mean ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Atmospheric Predictability ◽  
Probability Density Function Pdf ◽  
Sst Anomalies

Abstract The magnitude of seasonal predictability for a variable depends on departure of its probability density function (PDF) for a particular season from the corresponding climatological PDF. Differences in the PDF can be due to differences in various moments of the PDF (e.g., mean or the spread) from their corresponding values for the climatological PDF. Year-to-year changes in which moments of the PDF systematically contribute to seasonal predictability are an area of particular interest. Previous analyses for seasonal atmospheric variability have indicated that most of atmospheric predictability is (i) due to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and (ii) primarily due to change in the mean of the PDF for the atmospheric variability with changes in the spread of the PDF playing a secondary role. Present analysis extends to the assessment of seasonal predictability of ENSO SSTs themselves. Based on analysis of seasonal hindcasts, the results indicate that the spread (or the uncertainty) in the prediction of ENSO SSTs does not have a systematic dependence on the mean of the amplitude of predicted ENSO SST anomalies, and further, year-to-year changes in uncertainty are small. Therefore, similar to the atmospheric predictability, predictability of ENSO SSTs may also reside in the prediction of its mean amplitude; spread being almost constant does not have a systematic impact on the predictability.

Interactions between the jaw-opening reflex and mastication

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (7) ◽  
pp. 683-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Lund ◽  
S. Rossignol ◽  
T. Murakami
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Control Period ◽  
Mean Amplitude ◽  
Reflex Response ◽  
Digastric Muscle ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Excitatory Response ◽  
Jaw Opening ◽  
Jaw Opening Reflex ◽  
The Mean

Electrical stimulation of the anterior hard palate or upper lip was used to evoke the jaw-opening reflex in rabbits lightly anesthetized with urethane. The amplitude of each excitatory response recorded in the digastric electromyogram during mastication was compared with the mean amplitude of 10 prior control responses. When weak stimuli were used, the mean amplitude of the reflex dropped markedly during mastication and was smallest when the digastric muscle was inactive (closing and occlusal phases of the masticatory cycle). As the stimulus strength was increased, the size of the response during closing rose progressively until it exceeded values obtained during the control period or the jaw-opening phase.In addition, strong stimuli altered the total cycle length and the duration and amplitude of muscle activity in a phase-dependent manner. Stimuli given during closing were particularly effective in causing inhibition of jaw-closing muscle activity and in reducing the velocity and amplitude of closure.It is concluded that the cyclical gain changes of the reflex response to noxious stimuli are controlled to a large extent by premotoneuronal mechanisms and that the overall effect on the masticatory cycle structure is phase dependent.

Comparison of Fluorine(18)-fluorodeoxyglucose and Gallium(68)-citrate PET/CT in patients with tuberculosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (05) ◽  
pp. 371-378
Author(s):  
Alfred O. Ankrah ◽  
Ismaheel O. Lawal ◽  
Tebatso M.G. Boshomane ◽  
Hans C. Klein ◽  
Thomas Ebenhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tracer Uptake ◽  
Pet Ct ◽  
The Mean ◽  
18F Fdg ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Gallium 68 ◽  
Attending Physician ◽  
Pet Scans ◽  
The Brain

Abstract 18F-FDG and 68Ga-citrate PET/CT have both been shown to be useful in the management of tuberculosis (TB). We compared the abnormal PET findings of 18F-FDG- and 68Ga-citrate-PET/CT in patients with TB. Methods Patients with TB on anti-TB therapy were included. Patients had a set of PET scans consisting of both 18F-FDG and 68Ga-citrate. Abnormal lesions were identified, and the two sets of scans were compared. The scan findings were correlated to the clinical data as provided by the attending physician. Results 46 PET/CT scans were performed in 18 patients, 11 (61 %) were female, and the mean age was 35.7 ± 13.5 years. Five patients also had both studies for follow-up reasons during the use of anti-TB therapy. Thirteen patients were co-infected with HIV. 18F-FDG detected more lesions than 68Ga-citrate (261 vs. 166, p < 0.0001). 68Ga-citrate showed a better definition of intracerebral lesions due to the absence of tracer uptake in the brain. The mean SUVmax was higher for 18F-FDG compared to 68Ga-citrate (5.73 vs. 3.01, p < 0.0001). We found a significant correlation between the SUVmax of lesions that were determined by both tracers (r = 0.4968, p < 0.0001). Conclusion Preliminary data shows 18F-FDG-PET detects more abnormal lesions in TB compared to 68Ga-citrate. However, 68Ga-citrate has better lesion definition in the brain and is therefore especially useful when intracranial TB is suspected.

Current Strategies and Novel Drug Approaches for Alzheimer Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 676-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roma Ghai ◽  
Kandasamy Nagarajan ◽  
Meenakshi Arora ◽  
Parul Grover ◽  
Nazakat Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Amyloid Plaque ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
Traditional Therapies ◽  
Novel Drug ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a chronic, devastating dysfunction of neurons in the brain leading to dementia. It mainly arises due to neuronal injury in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus area of the brain and is clinically manifested as a progressive mental failure, disordered cognitive functions, personality changes, reduced verbal fluency and impairment of speech. The pathology behind AD is the formation of intraneuronal fibrillary tangles, deposition of amyloid plaque and decline in choline acetyltransferase and loss of cholinergic neurons. Tragically, the disease cannot be cured, but its progression can be halted. Various cholinesterase inhibitors available in the market like Tacrine, Donepezil, Galantamine, Rivastigmine, etc. are being used to manage the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. The paper’s objective is to throw light not only on the cellular/genetic basis of the disease, but also on the current trends and various strategies of treatment including the use of phytopharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Enormous literature survey was conducted and published articles of PubMed, Scifinder, Google Scholar, Clinical Trials.org and Alzheimer Association reports were studied intensively to consolidate the information on the strategies available to combat Alzheimer’s disease. Currently, several strategies are being investigated for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Immunotherapies targeting amyloid-beta plaques, tau protein and neural pathways are undergoing clinical trials. Moreover, antisense oligonucleotide methodologies are being approached as therapies for its management. Phytopharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals are also gaining attention in overcoming the symptoms related to AD. The present review article concludes that novel and traditional therapies simultaneously promise future hope for AD treatment.

Behavioral activity during prolonged hypoxemia in fetal sheep

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 2420-2426 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Bocking ◽  
R. Gagnon ◽  
K. M. Milne ◽  
S. E. White
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Normal Incidence ◽  
Behavioral Activity ◽  
Uterine Blood Flow ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
Fetal Breathing ◽  
Fetal Breathing Movements ◽  
Internal Iliac

Experiments were conducted in unanesthetized, chronically catheterized pregnant sheep to determine the fetal behavioral response to prolonged hypoxemia produced by restricting uterine blood flow. Uterine blood flow was reduced by adjusting a vascular occluder placed around the maternal common internal iliac artery to decrease fetal arterial O2 content from 6.1 +/- 0.3 to 4.1 +/- 0.3 ml/dl for 48 h. Associated with the decrease in fetal O2 content, there was a slight increase in fetal arterial PCO2 and decrease in pH, which were both transient. There was an initial inhibition of both fetal breathing movements and eye movements but no change in the pattern of electrocortical activity. After this initial inhibition there was a return to normal incidence of both fetal breathing movements and eye movements by 16 h of the prolonged hypoxemia. These studies indicate that the chronically catheterized sheep fetus is able to adapt behaviorally to a prolonged decrease in arterial O2 content secondary to the restriction of uterine blood flow.

Quantitative analysis of static equilibrium in women after mastectomy

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-87
Author(s):  
Maciej Rachwał ◽  
Justyna Drzał-Grabiec ◽  
Katarzyna Walicka-Cupryś ◽  
Aleksandra Truszczyńska
Keyword(s):  
Mean Amplitude ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Foot Pressure ◽  
Locomotor System ◽  
Center Of Foot Pressure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Posture Stability ◽  
Mastectomy Group ◽  
Better Than

Abstract Background: The post-mastectomy changes to the locomotor system are related to the scar and adhesion or to the lymphatic edema after amputation which, in turn, lead to local and global distraction of the work of the muscles. These changes lead to body statics disturbance that changes the projection of the center of gravity and worsens motor response due to changing of the muscle sensitivity. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the static balance of women after undergoing mastectomy. Methods: The study included 150 women, including 75 who underwent mastectomy (mean age: 60±7.6) years, mean body mass index (BMI): 26 (±3.6) kg/m2) and 75 who were placed in the control group with matched age and BMI. The study was conducted using a tensometric platform. Results: Statistically significant differences were found for almost all parameters between the post-mastectomy group and group of healthy women, regarding center of foot pressure (COP) path length in the Y and X axes and the mean amplitude of COP. Conclusions: First, the findings revealed that balance in post-mastectomy women is significantly better than in the control group. Second, physiotherapeutic treatment of post-mastectomy women may have improved their posture stability compared with their peers.

Fetal breathing movements after preterm premature rupture of membranes

1991 ◽  
Vol 164 (3) ◽  
pp. 821-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair B. Roberts ◽  
Israel Goldstein ◽  
Roberto Romero ◽  
John G. Hobbins
Keyword(s):  
Premature Rupture Of Membranes ◽  
Premature Rupture ◽  
Preterm Premature Rupture ◽  
Fetal Breathing ◽  
Fetal Breathing Movements
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