Maternal pinealectomy alters the daily pattern of fetal breathing in sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (1) ◽  
pp. R284-R287 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. McMillen ◽  
R. Nowak ◽  
D. W. Walker ◽  
I. R. Young
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Day ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Daily Pattern ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fetal Breathing ◽  
Fetal Breathing Movements ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pregnant Ewe

We have investigated the effect of pinealectomy of the pregnant ewe on the 24-h pattern of fetal breathing activity during late gestation. Fetal breathing movements were recorded during 24-h periods on 18 occasions in 5 pinealectomized ewes and on 24 occasions in 6 pineal-intact ewes between 120 and 145 days gestation. All ewes were fed once daily between 1000 and 1300 h and were kept under a light-dark cycle 12:12 h. There was no significant difference in the mean hourly incidence of fetal breathing movements between the pineal-intact (27.2 +/- 0.5 min/h) and pinealectomized (25.5 +/- 0.6 min/h) groups. However, there was a significant difference in the 24-h profiles of fetal breathing movements in the two groups. The peak incidence of fetal breathing occurred between 1900 and 2000 h in the pineal-intact ewes and between 1200 and 1300 h in the pinealectomized ewes. We conclude that maternal pinealectomy alters the daily pattern of a fetal behavioral pattern and that maternal melatonin may therefore provide the fetus with information about time of day.

Effect of feeding regimen on diurnal variation of breathing movements in late-gestation fetal sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 1786-1792 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Callea ◽  
I. C. McMillen ◽  
D. W. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Fetal Plasma ◽  
Pregnant Sheep ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Feeding Regimen

There is a diurnal variation in the mean incidence and amplitude of fetal breathing movements (FBMs) in sheep after approximately 120 days gestation. To determine whether this variation is caused by diurnal fluctuations in plasma glucose or prostaglandin (PG) concentrations, we studied two groups of pregnant sheep fed either once daily at 1100 h or every 2 h for 24 h. Maternal and fetal blood samples were taken every 2 h from 0900 to 0900 h the next day for assay of plasma glucose and PGE2 and PGF2 alpha concentrations. FBMs were recorded throughout the 24 h. The mean fetal plasma glucose concentrations of the once-daily and multifed groups were not different, but there was a significant difference between the two groups in the 24-h pattern of fetal glucose concentrations. In the once-daily fed group, plasma glucose concentrations reached a peak 8 h after maternal feeding and then declined, whereas in the multifed group, fetal plasma glucose concentrations reached a plateau and were constant from 1300 to 0900 h the next day. Fetal plasma PGE2 and PGF2 alpha concentrations did not show a significant change with time of day in either group. There was a significant diurnal variation in the incidence and amplitude of FBMs in each of the two feeding groups, and the 24-h pattern of FBMs did not differ significantly between groups. Therefore it would appear that the diurnal variation of FBMs is not a consequence of the maternal feeding regimen or diurnal changes in plasma glucose or PG concentrations.

EFFECT OF LOW ZINC INTAKE DURING PREGNANCY ON PLASMA PROLACTIN, PROGESTERONE, PROSTAGLANDIN, CORTISOL AND PROTEIN CONCENTRATIONS OF EWES DURING THE PERIPARTURIENT PERIOD

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 643-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. FITZGERALD ◽  
G. A. EVERETT ◽  
J. APGAR
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Plasma Prolactin ◽  
Plasma Parameters ◽  
Zinc Intake ◽  
Periparturient Period ◽  
Prostaglandin F ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pregnant Ewe

The effect of low dietary Zn intake upon several plasma endocrine and metabolic profiles was examined during late gestation in the ewe. Thirty adult, primiparous Finncross ewes were fed a low Zn diet with (+Zn, n = 14) or without (0Zn, n = 16) supplemental Zn in the drinking water starting day 1 of pregnancy. Although the mean prepartum progesterone and prolactin concentrations were lower (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively) in 0Zn than in +Zn ewes, the peak prolactin concentrations in 0Zn ewes at lambing were similar to +Zn ewes. Both basal and thyrotropin-releasing-hormone (TRH)-induced prolactin release were less (P < 0.01) in 0Zn ewes 2 d postpartum. Plasma concentrations of 13, 14-dihydro-15-keto prostaglandin F2α (PGFM) of ewes sampled within 45 min post-lambing were lower (P < 0.05) in 0Zn ewes. There was no difference in cortisol concentrations within 45 min after lambing between 0Zn and + Zn ewes. Plasma protein concentrations in 0Zn ewes were higher (P < 0.01) than those in +Zn ewes during pregnancy. In summary, these data show that low Zn intake in the pregnant ewe affected several endocrine and metabolic plasma parameters associated with normal pregnancy and parturition. Key words: Zinc, parturition, dystocia, feed intake, ovine

No effect of prostaglandin synthesis inhibition on muscle reflexes in fetal lambs

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (5) ◽  
pp. R1213-R1216
Author(s):  
D. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Mean Amplitude ◽  
Spinal Reflexes ◽  
Digastric Muscle ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Semitendinosus Muscle ◽  
Fetal Breathing ◽  
Fetal Breathing Movements ◽  
Change In The Mean ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Brain

The effects of inhibiting prostaglandin (PG) synthesis on fetal breathing movements and on the amplitude of reflex contraction of the digastric muscle (five trials) or hindlimb semitendinosus muscle (seven trials) has been studied in six fetal lambs at 123-139 days gestation. Infusion of either indomethacin (100 mg) or acetaminophen (300 mg) in 30 ml saline over 30 min resulted in an increase in the amplitude and incidence of breathing movements for 3-18 h in the different trials, but there was no change in the mean amplitude of either reflex or in the normal variation of reflex amplitude with changes in electrocortical activity. It is concluded that PGs modulate fetal breathing movements by an action on the brain stem chemoreceptors but do not alter the excitability of neural pathways subserving some cranial and spinal reflexes.

The effect of fetal hypophysectomy with or without ACTH replacement on the molecular weight profile of enkephalin-containing peptides in the adrenal medulla of the fetal sheep

1992 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Coulter ◽  
I. R. Young ◽  
C. A. Browne ◽  
I. C. McMillen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Enzymatic Digestion ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Carboxypeptidase B ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group 5 ◽  
Pregnant Ewe

ABSTRACT We have investigated the possible role of the fetal pituitary and ACTH in the control of the synthesis and post-translational processing of the enkephalin precursor, proenkephalin A (proEnk A), in the fetal sheep adrenal gland in late gestation. Fetal hypophysectomy (n = 8) or sham operations (n = 4) were performed between 109 and 118 days of gestation. At 138–139 days, either ACTH(1–24) (10·5 μg/0·24 ml saline per h, n = 4) was infused intravenously for 72 h into hypophysectomized fetal sheep or 0·9% (w/v) NaCl alone (0·24 ml/h, n = 4) was infused for 72 h into hypophysectomized fetal sheep and sham-operated animals. At the end of the infusion the pregnant ewe was killed and left or right adrenal glands (n = 12) were collected from the fetal sheep that were intact and given saline (Intact + sal; n = 4), hypophysectomized and given saline (Hx + sal; n = 4) and hypophysectomized and given ACTH (Hx + ACTH; n = 4). Each adrenal was homogenized in acid (acetic acid (1 mol/l)/HCl (20 mmol/l)/2-mercaptoethanol (0·2%)). After centrifugation, the supernatant was loaded onto a Sephadex G-75 column (2·0 × 50 cm), eluted at 80 ml/24 h and fractions were collected (5 ml, n = 42). An aliquot of each fraction (2 ml) was dried down prior to enzymatic digestion (trypsin/carboxypeptidase B) and oxidation with H2O2, and assay for methionine-O-enkephalin (immunoreactive Met-O-Enk). The total adrenal content of immunoreactive Met-O-Enk was significantly greater in the Hx + ACTH group (326·2 ±66·7 (s.e.m.)ng/adrenal) when compared with either the Intact + sal group (152·7 ±44·0 ng/adrenal) or the Hx + sal group (112·1 ±20·8 ng/adrenal). In the adrenal glands from all fetuses immunoreactive Met-O-Enk was found in four molecular weight ranges: < 12 kDa, 12–7 kDa, 7–3 kDa and < 3 kDa. There was no significant difference between the Hx + sal and Hx + ACTH groups in the proportion of immunoreactive Met-O-Enk present in each of the molecular weight ranges in the adrenals and therefore the data from these groups were combined for further statistical analysis. The proportion of immunoreactive Met-O-Enk in the > 12 kDa range was significantly less in the Intact + sal group (5·5 ±2·3%) when compared with the hypophysectomized sheep with or without ACTH replacement (18·7 ± 4·5%). These data demonstrate that fetal hypophysectomy alters the molecular weight profile of Enk-containing peptides in the adrenal of the fetal sheep and whilst ACTH replacement in the hypophysectomized fetus does not alter the post-translational processing of the Enk-containing peptides, it stimulates an increase in the total amount of immunoreactive Met-O-Enk in the fetal adrenal in late gestation. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 134, 369–375

Observations on the effect of protein intake and stage of gestation on the proportion of urinary nitrogen excreted as urea in sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
D. Scott ◽  
C. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Protein Intake ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pregnant Ewe ◽  
N Requirement ◽  
Urinary Nitrogen

SummaryThe effect of altering the level of protein intake on urea excretion in ewes was assessed in two separate experiments.In Expt 1, 14 pregnant (during the last 20 days of gestation) and 10 non-pregnant ewes were each offered a different level of digested N intake in the range 5–25 g/day. At all levels of protein intake urea N excretion was lower in pregnant than in nonpregnant ewes.In Expt 2, 21 pregnant ewe lambs were each offered one of three diets supplying mean intakes of 83 (T1), 113 (T2) or 147 (T3) g crude protein/day. During the last 100 days of gestation the mean levels of urea N excretion were 6·9, 11·0 and 15·2 g/day for T1, T 2 and T 3, respectively. The corresponding values for urinary N excretion were 9·3, 13·8 and 18·2 g/day. At all levels of protein intake urea N excretion was lower just prior to parturition than 95 days prepartum; the difference was correlated with lamb birth weight and maternal body-weight change.A notable feature of both experiments was the low level of urea N excretion by the pregnant ewes in late gestation, at low protein intakes. It would appear that when energy intake is adequate the decrease in urea N excretion associated with pregnancy is a direct result of an increased N requirement for maternal and/or foetal growth.

scholarly journals TO EVALUATE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF RUPATADINE, BILASTINE, AND LEVOCETRIZINE IN ALLERGIC RHINITIS AT TERITARY CARE HOSPITAL, TELANGANA

2021 ◽  
pp. 140-143
Author(s):  
NAGUR SHARONE GRACE ◽  
SYED ARSHADDUDDIN AHMED ◽  
BHUVANESWARI E ◽  
SYED HAMZA QUADRI ◽  
VEENA B ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Nasal Congestion ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Government

Objective: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by symptoms – sneezing, itching, nasal congestion, and rhinorrhea. The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of rupatadine, bilastine, and levocetirizine in AR. Methods: A prospective, open-label, comparative study was conducted at the Government ENT Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana. Ninety patients diagnosed with AR were randomized, of whom Group 1 received oral tab. bilastine 20 mg once daily, Group 2 received oral tab. levocetirizine 5 mg once daily, and Group 3 received oral tab. rupatadine with a dose of 10 mg once daily for 2 weeks. The reduction in total nasal symptom score (TNSS) and absolute eosinophil counts (AECs) was compared with baseline and at 2 weeks. Safety was assessed according to adverse events reported during the study period. An analysis of variance was used as a test of significance for the three groups. Results: Overall, 90 cases were included in the study, with 48% of males and 52% of females. All three drugs significantly reduced the TNSS and AEC after treatment compared to before treatment (p<0.05). The mean difference in TNSS and AEC showed no statistically significant difference among the three groups (TNSS: p>0.908 and AEC: p>0.967). In terms of safety, all three drugs showed nearly similar adverse events. Conclusion: In this study, after 2 weeks of follow-up, the three drugs (bilastine, levocetirizine, and rupatadine) showed significant improvement clinically, but the mean reduction in the score of symptoms and AEC was not statistically significant in the treatment of AR.

scholarly journals Prospective, randomized double blind comparative study of safety and efficacy of carvedilol versus atenolol in patients of mild to moderate hypertension

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
pp. 1678
Author(s):  
Swathi Ratnam R. ◽  
Usha Kiran P. ◽  
S. V. R. Rajasekhar ◽  
M. Prasad Naidu
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Moderate Hypertension ◽  
Treatment Phase ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Response To Therapy ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Atenolol Group

Background: Carvedilol is a new cardiovascular compound with the combined pharmacologic properties of nonselective ß-blockade and vasodilation. The Aim of the study was to compare the safety and antihypertensive efficacy of 25mg Carvedilol once daily with 50mg atenolol once daily in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension.Methods: This was a single center study conducted in Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada. 80 eligible patients with mild to moderate hypertension were randomized to receive 25mg Carvedilol once daily (40 patients) or 50mg atenolol (40 patients) in a double-blind 12-week treatment phase. At each visit 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment, sitting Blood Pressure (BP) and heart rate were measured. The effect on BP reduction within the group is compared by paired “t”test and the effect on reduction of BP between two study groups compared by unpaired “t”test.Results: After 12 weeks of treatment, the mean reduction of SBP (Systolic Blood Pressure) with carvedilol is 22.33±8.31mmHg with no Significant difference (p >0.05) compared to atenolol group mean reduction in SBP of 21.37±10mm Hg. The mean reduction in DBP (Diastolic Blood Pressure) after completion of the study in carvedilol group is 6.75±4.82mm Hg with no Significant difference (p >0.05) compared to atenolol group mean reduction in DBP of 8.55±5.25mm Hg. No significant difference seen in the efficacy parameters of both the drugs. The incidence of adverse effects such as bradycardia, headache, nausea, vomiting, hypotension and rash is less with carvedilol.Conclusions: In patients with mild to moderate hypertension, there was no statistically significant difference between efficacy of carvedilol or atenolol with regard to the degree of reduction in BP or the percentage of patients achieving a response to therapy but carvedilol showed a better safety profile when compared to atenolol.

Proopiomelanocortin, prolactin and growth hormone messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the fetal sheep pituitary during late gestation

1993 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J Merei ◽  
Alix Rao ◽  
lain J Clarke ◽  
I Caroline McMillen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Pomc Mrna ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pomc Gene

We have measured the relative levels of proopiomelanocortin (POMC), prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in the anterior and neurointermediate lobes of the fetal pituitary during the last 2–3 weeks of gestation. The mean POMC mRNA/18S RNA ratio in the fetal anterior pituitary was significantly greater (p<0.02) at 130–136 days (0.90±0.08; N=9) than at 141–143 days of gestation (0.67±0.07; N=6). In contrast, the mean PRL mRNA/18S RNA ratio increased significantly (p< 0.02) ) between 130 and 136 days (0.31±0.05; N = 9) when compared with 141–143 days of gestation (0.58±0.10; N = 6). There was no significant difference, however, between the mean GH mRNA/18S RNA ratio in fetal anterior pituitaries at 130–136 days (0.95±0.04; N = 9) when compared with 141–143 days of gestation (1.08±0.14; N=6). The POMC mRNA/18S RNA ratio in the neurointermediate lobes was seven-, five- and tenfold higher than in anterior pituitaries at 130–134, 135–136 and 141–143 days of gestation, respectively. We hypothesize that elevated circulating cortisol levels after 140 days of gestation act in the slow time domain (i.e. over days) to suppress POMC gene expression and that the increase in fetal pituitary PRL mRNA levels may be a consequence of oestrogen stimulation in late gestation.

Prostaglandin E2 inhibition of fetal breathing movements is not sustained during prolonged reduced uterine blood flow in sheep

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (9) ◽  
pp. 858-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole S Watson ◽  
Jacobus H Homan ◽  
Susan E White ◽  
John R Challis ◽  
Alan D Bocking
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Ethanol Exposure ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Uterine Blood Flow ◽  
Fetal Plasma ◽  
Fetal Breathing ◽  
Fetal Breathing Movements ◽  
Baseline Incidence ◽  
And Control

Fetal breathing movements (FBM) are inhibited by both exogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and ethanol in sheep. Maternal ethanol exposure in late-gestation sheep also increases fetal [PGE2]. However, during prolonged reduced uterine blood flow (RUBF) when [PGE2] in fetal plasma is already elevated, FBM are not inhibited by ethanol. These experiments were designed, therefore, to test the hypothesis that the FBM response to PGE2 is also diminished during RUBF. PGE2 (594 ± 19 ng·min-1·kg-1 fetal body weight) was infused for 6 h into the jugular vein of RUBF (PO2 = 14 ± 1 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa); n = 7) and control (PO2 = 22 ± 1 mmHg (p < 0.01); n = 7) ovine fetuses, and the effect on FBM, electrocortical (ECoG), and electroocular activities was determined. The infusion of PGE2 increased plasma [PGE2] from 881 ± 162 to 1189 ± 114 pg·mL-1 in RUBF fetuses and from 334 ± 72 to 616 ± 118 pg·mL-1 (p < 0.05) in control fetuses. FBM were initially inhibited by PGE2 from 22.5 ± 9.4 and 17.9 ± 6.5% of the time to 6.9 ± 2.4 and 0.5 ± 0.4% (p < 0.01) in RUBF and control fetuses, respectively. FBM remained inhibited in control fetuses throughout the infusion but returned to baseline incidence in RUBF fetuses in the last 2 h of the infusion. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that one component of the adaptative mechanisms of the fetus to prolonged RUBF is an altered response of FBM to exogenous PGE2. We speculate that the lack of a sustained inhibition in FBM during RUBF with infusion of PGE2 may be a result of an alteration in brainstem receptor function or number or local PGE2 removal.Key words: fetal breathing movements, prostaglandin E2, hypoxia, reduced uterine blood flow, ethanol, fetal behaviour.

scholarly journals Efficacy of latanoprost in management of chronic angle closure glaucoma

1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Kumar ◽  
A Malik ◽  
M Singh ◽  
S Sood
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Posterior Segment ◽  
Angle Closure Glaucoma ◽  
Angle Closure ◽  
Slit Lamp ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Baseline Examination

Background: Chronic angle closure glaucoma is often managed surgically. Aim: To study the effect of Latanoprost 0.005% on intraocular pressure in subjects diagnosed as having chronic angle closure glaucoma. Materials and methods: Forty patients participated in the study. Baseline examination included visual acuity, refraction, slit-lamp examination, intraocular pressure, anterior and posterior segment examination, gonioscopy and perimetry. Patients were treated with Latanoprost 0.005% once daily at bedtime. IOP was recorded at baseline, 2weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks and 12 weeks after starting the treatment. Results: The mean age of the study sample was 56.45 years (40-70 years). There were 18 males and 22 females in the study. Mean IOP at baseline was 24.55±3.63. Mean IOP decreased to 17.27±3.19 at 2 weeks, 15.27±3.07 at 4 weeks, 14.60±3.06 at 8 weeks and 14.47±2.66 at 12 weeks. There was a statistically significant reduction in mean IOP (41.03%) at 12 weeks as compared to those of the baseline IOP (p=0.000). There was no significant difference in IOP reduction in eyes with different degrees of angle closure by peripheral anterior synechiae. Conclusion: Latanoprost, a prostaglandin analogue, is effective in reducing IOP in chronic angle closure glaucoma patients and its efficacy is not affected by the degree of angle closure by peripheral anterior synechiae. Key words: latanoprost; chronic angle closure glaucoma; intraocular pressure; peripheral anterior synechiae DOI: 10.3126/nepjoph.v1i1.3671 Nep J Oph 2009;1(1):32-36

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