Vasopressin and oxytocin secretion in chronically hyposmolar rats

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (4) ◽  
pp. R1028-R1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. Verbalis ◽  
J. Dohanics
Keyword(s):  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Saline Solutions ◽  
Rapid Correction

Neurohypophysial secretion of vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) was studied in rats maintained under hyposmolar conditions for 10-24 days. Graded intravenous infusions of hypertonic saline solutions had no consistent effect on plasma AVP and OT levels until plasma sodium concentration ([Na+]) exceeded 130 mM, after which levels of both hormones increased as an exponential function of plasma [Na+]. Detectable increases in plasma AVP and OT began at significantly lower plasma [Na+] in hyposmolar rats than in normosmolar control rats (10.8 mM lower for AVP and 18.4 mM lower for OT). AVP and OT secretion in hyposmolar rats was also markedly blunted in response to nonosmotic stimuli, including acute and chronic hypovolemia and systemic administration of cholecystokinin. Cessation of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin-induced antidiuresis resulted in an appropriately rapid correction of plasma [Na+] to normal levels within 24 h. Consequently, although chronic hyposmolarity caused a moderate downward resetting of the osmotic thresholds for AVP and OT secretion, it did not cause sustained deficits in osmoregulation. These results suggest that osmoreceptor activity is regulated to maintain extracellular fluid and plasma osmolality within narrow absolute ranges rather than responding to relative changes in osmolality.

scholarly journals Plasma and Electrolyte Changes in Exercising Humans After Ingestion of Multiple Boluses of Pickle Juice

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. McKenney ◽  
Kevin C. Miller ◽  
James E. Deal ◽  
Julie A. Garden-Robinson ◽  
Yeong S. Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Blood Sample ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration

Context: Twenty-five percent of athletic trainers administer pickle juice (PJ) to treat cramping. Anecdotally, some clinicians provide multiple boluses of PJ during exercise but warn that repeated ingestion of PJ may cause hyperkalemia. To our knowledge, no researchers have examined the effect of ingesting multiple boluses of PJ on the same day or the effect of ingestion during exercise. Objective: To determine the short-term effects of ingesting a single bolus or multiple boluses of PJ on plasma variables and to characterize changes in plasma variables when individuals ingest PJ and resume exercise. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Nine euhydrated men (age = 23 ± 4 years, height = 180.9 ± 5.8 cm, mass = 80.7 ± 13.8 kg, urine specific gravity = 1.009 ± 0.005). Intervention(s): On 3 days, participants rested for 30 minutes, and then a blood sample was collected. Participants ingested 0 or 1 bolus (1 mL·kg−1 body weight) of PJ, donned sweat suits, biked vigorously for 30 minutes (approximate temperature = 37°C, relative humidity = 18%), and had a blood sample collected. They either rested for 60 seconds (0- and 1-bolus conditions) or ingested a second 1 mL·kg−1 body weight bolus of PJ (2-bolus condition). They resumed exercise for another 35 minutes. A third blood sample was collected, and they exited the environmental chamber and rested for 60 minutes (approximate temperature = 21°C, relative humidity = 18%). Blood samples were collected at 30 and 60 minutes postexercise. Main Outcome Measure(s): Plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, and changes in plasma volume. Results: The number of PJ boluses ingested did not affect plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, or changes in plasma volume over time. The plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, and plasma osmolality did not exceed 144.6 mEq·L−1 (144.6 mmol·L−1), 4.98 mEq·L−1 (4.98 mmol·L−1), and 289.5 mOsm·kg−1H2O, respectively, in any condition at any time. Conclusions: Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ and resuming exercise caused negligible changes in blood variables. Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ did not increase plasma sodium concentration or cause hyperkalemia.

Estradiol impairs hyposmoregulatory capacity in the euryhaline tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (4) ◽  
pp. R1161-R1168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathilakath M. Vijayan ◽  
Akihiro Takemura ◽  
Thomas P. Mommsen
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Sham Group ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Oreochromis Mossambicus ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Metabolic Capacity ◽  
Ion Regulation ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Hepatic Protein Synthesis

Freshwater (FW)-adapted tilapia ( Oreochromis mossambicus) were treated with estradiol (E2) for 4 days to stimulate protein synthesis and sampled at 0, 4, and 24 h after exposure to 50% seawater (SW). E2 increased circulating vitellogenin (VTG) levels in large amounts, indicative of unusually high rates of hepatic protein synthesis. E2 treatment prevented the recovery of plasma osmolality in 50% SW that was evident in the sham group. Plasma sodium concentration was significantly elevated with E2 in FW, but the levels did not change in 50% SW. Gill Na+-K+-ATPase activity was significantly lower in the E2 group compared with sham-injected tilapia in 50% SW. No significant differences were noted in plasma cortisol, thyroxine, triiodothyronine, or glucose concentration with E2 in 50% SW. E2 significantly lowered several key liver enzyme activities and also decreased gill lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase activities over a 24-h period. Together, our results suggest that E2 impairs ion regulation in tilapia, partially mediated by a decreased metabolic capacity in liver and gill. The decreased tissue metabolic capacity is likely due to E2-induced energy repartitioning processes that are geared toward VTG synthesis at the expense of other energy-demanding pathways.

Effect of Chronic Low-Dose Arginine Vasopressin Infusion on Body Fluid Homoeostasis during Adaptation from a High-to a Low-Sodium Diet in Normal Man

1993 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sutters ◽  
D. J. S. Carmichael ◽  
S. L. Lightman ◽  
W. S. Peart
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Renin Activity ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Plasma Renin ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Renin Activity ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Angiotensin I ◽  
Salt Restriction ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Arginine

1. A diuresis occurs within the first 36 h of salt restriction. A decline in plasma arginine vasopressin concentration may contribute to both the diuresis and antinatriuresis. 2. We have studied six normal human subjects during 36 h of dietary sodium restriction. In one study subjects received an intravenous infusion of D-glucose, and in the other an infusion of arginine vasopressin (6 fmol min−1 kg−1). 3. In the D-glucose phase plasma arginine vasopressin concentration fell (1.77 +034 to 1.02 +0.13 pg/ml), urine flow increased (67.9 +113 to 89.8 + 17.1 ml/h), haemoconcentration occurred (packed cell volume 40.8 +0.3 to 42.8 +03%, protein concentration 71.6 +03 to 74.5 + 0.6 g/l), plasma sodium concentration fell (140 +0.2 to 138 +0.2 mmol/l) and plasma renin activity increased (1600+153 to 3700 + 356 pg of angiotensin I h−1 ml−1). 4. In the arginine vasopressin phase plasma arginine vasopressin concentration remained constant (13 + 0.13 to 134 +0.11 pg/ml), the diuresis was reversed (65.7 +9.9 to 52.1 +8.9 ml/h), plasma sodium concentration fell further (139.8 +0.4 to 136.1 +0.4 mmol/l), the rise in plasma renin activity was reduced (arginine vasopressin 2552 + 292; D-glucose, 3700 + 356 pg of angiotensin I h−1 ml−1) and creatinine clearance was lower in the last 12 h of salt restriction (arginine vasopressin, 96.1 +6.9; D-glucose 116.5 + 6.8 ml/min). Renal sodium excretion was unaffected by arginine vasopressin infusion. 5. We conclude that the fall in plasma arginine vasopressin concentration during dietary salt restriction, whilst not affecting renal sodium excretion, may be important in the regulation of plasma sodium concentration, plasma renin activity and glomerular filtration.

scholarly journals Sodium-Based Osmotherapy in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: a Mathematical Approach

Kidney360 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry Yee ◽  
Naushaba Mohiuddin ◽  
Tudor Gradinariu ◽  
Junior Uduman ◽  
Stanley Frinak
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Hypotonic Stress ◽  
End Stage Liver Disease ◽  
Vulnerable Patients ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Strategic Solution ◽  
End Stage ◽  
Rapid Correction

Cerebral edema, in a variety of circumstances, may be accompanied by states of hyponatremia. The threat of brain injury from hypotonic stress-induced astrocyte demyelination is more common when vulnerable patients with hyponatremia who have end stage liver disease, traumatic brain injury, heart failure, or other conditions undergo overly rapid correction of hyponatremia. These scenarios, in the context of declining urinary output from CKD and/or AKI, may require controlled elevations of plasma tonicity vis-à-vis increases of the plasma sodium concentration. We offer a strategic solution to this problem via sodium-based osmotherapy applied through a conventional continuous RRT modality: predilution continuous venovenous hemofiltration.

Development of indices for determining extracellular fluid sodium and water status in acute diabetic ketoacidosis: possible tools for clinical audit

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 758-762
Author(s):  
D F Davidson ◽  
J Williamson ◽  
D E Boag ◽  
T Millar
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Acute Diabetes ◽  
Extracellular Environment

Abstract The limitation of plasma sodium concentration as an indicator of extracellular hydration status in cases of acute diabetes is well recognized and could lead to individually inappropriate fluid therapy. However, in view of the small analytical and biological variations exhibited by plasma concentrations of protein, water, and sodium in health, we have developed simple laboratory indices that may better describe the extracellular environment. Preliminary data presented here for 20 patients with acute diabetic ketoacidosis admitted as emergencies to Crosshouse Hospital suggest that the type of approach we describe has the potential to supply meaningful therapeutic data to the managing physician and, therefore, merits further study in a clinical setting.

scholarly journals Electrolyte and Plasma Changes After Ingestion of Pickle Juice, Water, and a Common Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solution

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 454-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C. Miller ◽  
Gary Mack ◽  
Kenneth L. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Calcium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Magnesium

Abstract Context: Health care professionals advocate that athletes who are susceptible to exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMCs) should moderately increase their fluid and electrolyte intake by drinking sport drinks. Some clinicians have also claimed drinking small volumes of pickle juice effectively relieves acute EAMCs, often alleviating them within 35 seconds. Others fear ingesting pickle juice will enhance dehydration-induced hypertonicity, thereby prolonging dehydration. Objective: To determine if ingesting small quantities of pickle juice, a carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-e) drink, or water increases plasma electrolytes or other selected plasma variables. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Exercise physiology laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Nine euhydrated, healthy men (age  =  25 ± 2 years, height  =  179.4 ± 7.2 cm, mass  =  86.3 ± 15.9 kg) completed the study. Intervention(s): Resting blood samples were collected preingestion (−0.5 minutes); immediately postingestion (0 minutes); and at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, and 60 minutes postingestion of 1 mL/kg body mass of pickle juice, CHO-e drink, or tap water. Main Outcome Measure(s): Plasma sodium concentration, plasma magnesium concentration, plasma calcium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, and changes in plasma volume were analyzed. Urine specific gravity, osmolality, and volume were also measured to characterize hydration status. Results: Mean fluid intake was 86.3 ± 16.7 mL. Plasma sodium concentration, plasma magnesium concentration, plasma calcium concentration, plasma osmolality, and plasma volume did not change during the 60 minutes after ingestion of each fluid (P ≥ .05). Water ingestion slightly decreased plasma potassium concentration at 60 minutes (0.21 ± 0.14 mg/dL [0.21 ± 0.14 mmol/L]; P ≤ .05). Conclusions: At these volumes, ingestion of pickle juice and CHO-e drink did not cause substantial changes in plasma electrolyte concentrations, plasma osmolality, or plasma volume in rested, euhydrated men. Concern that ingesting these volumes of pickle juice might exacerbate an athlete's risk of dehydration-induced hypertonicity may be unwarranted. If EAMCs are caused by large electrolyte loss due to sweating, these volumes of pickle juice or CHO-e drink are unlikely to restore any deficit incurred by exercise.

Hyponatremia in Patients Undergoing CAPD: Role of Water Gain and/or Malnutrition

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Zevallos ◽  
Dimitrios G. Oreopoulos ◽  
Mitchell L. Halperin
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Catabolic State ◽  
Water Gain

Background Hyponatremia has a number of different causes; some may have serious untoward implications for patients undergoing chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Objective To determine the pathophysiology of hyponatremia in patients on CAPD. Methods A retrospective analysis was carried out on 210 patients on CAPD. We selected patients with 2 – 4 consecutive periods when the plasma sodium concentration was ≤130 mmol/L and again when it was > 133 mmol/L. Exclusion criteria included hyperglycemia, orthostatic hypotension, edema, and inadequate records. Results An electrolyte-free water gain appeared to be the main cause of hyponatremia in only 1 of 5 patients because this was the only patient with a significant increase in body weight. In 1 patient, there was weight loss in the hyponatremic period, suggesting tissue catabolism was present. In 3 patients, there was neither weight gain nor evidence for a contracted extracellular fluid volume in the hyponatremic period, suggesting that intracellular potassium and phosphate loss could be the major mechanism for their hyponatremia. Conclusion When hyponatremia is due to a catabolic state, its management should aim to restore intracellular fluid composition ( i.e., to correct malnutrition).

Osmotic thirst and vasopressin release in humans: a double-blind crossover study

1985 ◽  
Vol 248 (6) ◽  
pp. R645-R650 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Phillips ◽  
B. J. Rolls ◽  
J. G. Ledingham ◽  
M. L. Forsling ◽  
J. J. Morton
Keyword(s):  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Vasopressin Release ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Plasma Vasopressin ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Osmotic Thirst

Thirst is a subjective sensation. Therefore to investigate further the nature, intensity, and specificity of osmotic thirst, we studied the effects of double-blind infusions of hypertonic (0.45 M) and isotonic (0.15 M) saline on subjective ratings and sensations of thirst, water intake, plasma vasopressin, and body fluids in seven healthy volunteer young men. Only the hypertonic saline significantly increased plasma sodium concentration, plasma osmolality, plasma vasopressin concentration, and visual analog ratings of thirst sensations. Both infusions expanded blood volume, which was greater with the hypertonic saline infusion. Neither solution significantly altered mean arterial blood pressure nor plasma angiotensin levels. Throughout a 60-min drinking period after the infusions, water intake was always significantly greater after the hypertonic saline than after the isotonic saline. The subjects described the thirst sensations as mainly due to a dry unpleasant tasting mouth, which was promptly relieved by drinking. Visual analog rating changes confirmed the subjective reports. Finally, the effects on thirst and vasopressin secretion were observed at plasma sodium concentration and osmolality changes that are well within the physiological range.

Vasopressin response to hyperosmolality and hypotension during ovine pregnancy

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (1) ◽  
pp. R188-R193 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Keller-Wood
Keyword(s):  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arginine Vasopressin ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pregnant State

The arginine vasopressin (AVP) responses to hyperosmolality and to hypotension were compared in pregnant and nonpregnant ewes. When the responses to infusion of normal or hypertonic saline were compared, plasma AVP and Na+ concentrations were lower in pregnant ewes than nonpregnant ewes, but the relation between plasma AVP and Na+ concentrations was not altered in the pregnant state. In a second study the AVP response to hypotension, induced by the infusion of 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 micrograms nitroprusside.kg-1.min-1, was compared in pregnant and nonpregnant ewes. Despite significantly lower mean arterial blood pressures in the pregnant ewes, the mean plasma AVP concentration after infusion of nitroprusside was not increased during pregnancy. Therefore, the relation between mean arterial pressure and AVP was significantly shifted to the left in the pregnant ewes, indicating lower AVP concentrations for a given level of arterial pressure during pregnancy. The results suggest that pregnancy alters the regulation of AVP by arterial pressure but does not affect the regulation of AVP by plasma sodium concentration in the ewe.

scholarly journals Ad Libitum Fluid Intake and Plasma Responses After Pickle Juice, Hypertonic Saline, or Deionized Water Ingestion

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 734-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Allen ◽  
Kevin C. Miller ◽  
Jay Albrecht ◽  
Julie Garden-Robinson ◽  
Elizabeth Blodgett-Salafia
Keyword(s):  
Blood Sample ◽  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Percentage Change ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Volume Percentage ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Ad Libitum

Context: Adding sodium (Na+) to drinks improves rehydration and ad libitum fluid consumption. Clinicians (∼25%) use pickle juice (PJ) to treat cramping. Scientists warn against PJ ingestion, fearing it will cause rapid plasma volume restoration and thereby decrease thirst and delay rehydration. Advice about drinking PJ has been developed but never tested. Objective: To determine if drinking small volumes of PJ, hypertonic saline (HS), or deionized water (DIW) affects ad libitum DIW ingestion, plasma variables, or perceptual indicators. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Fifteen, euhydrated (urine specific gravity ≤ 1.01) men (age = 22 ± 2 years, height = 178 ± 6 cm, mass = 82.9 ± 8.4 kg). Intervention(s): Participants completed 3 testing days (≥72 hours between days). After a 30-minute rest, a blood sample was collected. Participants completed 60 minutes of hard exercise (temperature = 36 ± 2°C, relative humidity = 16 ± 1%). Postexercise, they rested for 30 minutes; had a blood sample collected; rated thirst, fullness, and nausea; and ingested 83 ± 8 mL of PJ, HS, or DIW. They rated drink palatability (100-mm visual analog scale) and were allowed to drink DIW ad libitum for 60 minutes. Blood samples and thirst, fullness, and nausea ratings (100-mm visual analog scales) were collected at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes posttreatment drink ingestion. Main Outcome Measure(s): Ad libitum DIW volume, percentage change in plasma volume, plasma osmolality (OSMp,) plasma sodium concentration ([Na+]p), and thirst, fullness, nausea, and palatability ratings. Results: Participants consumed more DIW ad libitum after HS (708.03 ± 371.03 mL) than after DIW (532.99 ± 337.14 mL, P < .05). Ad libitum DIW ingested after PJ (700.35 ± 366.15 mL) was similar to that after HS and DIW (P > .05). Plasma sodium concentration, OSMp, percentage change in plasma volume, thirst, fullness, and nausea did not differ among treatment drinks over time (P > .05). Deionized water (73 ± 14 mm) was more palatable than HS (17 ± 13 mm) or PJ (26 ± 16 mm, P < .05). Conclusions: The rationale behind advice about drinking PJ is questionable. Participants drank more, not less, after PJ ingestion, and plasma variables and perceptual indicators were similar after PJ and DIW ingestion. Pickle juice did not inhibit short-term rehydration.

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