Role of adrenal catecholamines during forced submergence in ducks

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (6) ◽  
pp. R1364-R1372 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Lacombe ◽  
D. R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Peripheral Vasoconstriction ◽  
Arterial Partial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Ph ◽  
Venous Infusion ◽  
Lactate Levels

Maximum underwater tolerance (UTmax) of chronically adrenalectomized ducks (ADX, 5.3 +/- 0.3 min) and chronically adrenal-denervated ducks (DNX, 7.2 +/- 0.2 min) was significantly lower than sham-operated controls (SH-ADX, 10 +/- 0.8 min; SH-DNX, 12.2 +/- 0.5 min). After 4 min forced submergence, heart rates of ADX (62 +/- 16 beats/min) and DNX (31 +/- 2 beats/min) ducks were significantly higher than in their respective sham-operated controls (23 +/- 3 and 17 +/- 2 beats/min), although their blood pressure was significantly lower. Arterial partial pressure of O2, arterial O2 content, arterial pH, and lactate levels in DNX ducks (42 +/- 2 mmHg, 4.5 +/- 0.8 ml O2/100 ml blood, 7.233 +/- 0.016, 3.1 +/- 0.3 mM, respectively) were significantly lower than in SH-DNX ducks after 5 min forced submergence (53 +/- 1 mmHg, 6.8 +/- 0.4 ml O2/100 ml blood, 7.301 +/- 0.007, 4.8 +/- 0.4 mM, respectively). Venous infusion of catecholamines in ADX and DNX ducks during forced submergence significantly increased UTmax. It is suggested that adrenal catecholamines increase tolerance to underwater submersion by enhancing peripheral vasoconstriction, thus preserving the O2 stores for the heart and brain. Other adrenal products could also be involved.

Respiratory changes induced by prolonged laryngeal stimulation in awake piglets

1986 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 1018-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. F. Donnelly ◽  
G. G. Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Young Animal ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Electrode Placement ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Stimulus Period ◽  
Arterial Partial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Blood

To examine the role of the laryngeal reflex in modulating cardiorespiratory function, we stimulated the superior laryngeal nerves (SLN) bilaterally in unanesthetized, chronically instrumented piglets (n = 10, age 5–14 days). The SLN were placed in cuff electrodes and wires were exteriorized in the neck for stimulation. A cannula placed in the aorta was used for blood pressure recording and arterial blood sampling. During each experiment, 1–2 days after surgery, ventilation was recorded using whole-body plethysmography, and electroencephalogram and electrocardiogram were recorded after acute subcutaneous electrode placement. After base-line recordings, the SLN were electrically stimulated for 1 h. During this period, mean respiratory frequency decreased by 40–75% and apneas of 10–15 s were regularly interspersed between single breaths or clusters of breaths. Periods of breathing were always associated with opening of the eyes and generally with head and body movements, an awakening that occurred every 10–15 s. At 1 h into the stimulus period, minute ventilation had decreased by 57 +/- 7% (mean +/- SE), arterial partial pressure of O2 (PaO2) by 68 +/- 3 Torr, and arterial partial pressure of CO2 (PaCO2) had increased by 19 +/- 2 Torr. Throughout the entire stimulus period, mean blood pressure and average heart rate were maintained within 12% of base line. We suggest that: low-threshold SLN afferents exert primarily respiratory effects and only minor cardiovascular effects; breathing during laryngeal reflex activation is sustained by an arousal system; and the laryngeal reflex does not pose an imminent threat to the unanesthetized, awake, young animal.

Arterial and Mixed Venous Kinetics of Desflurane and Sevoflurane, Administered Simultaneously, at Three Different Global Ventilation to Perfusion Ratios in Piglets with Normal Lungs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Kretzschmar ◽  
James E. Baumgardner ◽  
Alf Kozian ◽  
Thomas Hachenberg ◽  
Thomas Schilling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Arterial Partial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Inhaled Anesthetic ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Normal Lungs ◽  
Mixed Venous

Background Previous studies have established the role of various tissue compartments in the kinetics of inhaled anesthetic uptake and elimination. The role of normal lungs in inhaled anesthetic kinetics is less understood. In juvenile pigs with normal lungs, the authors measured desflurane and sevoflurane washin and washout kinetics at three different ratios of alveolar minute ventilation to cardiac output value. The main hypothesis was that the ventilation/perfusion ratio ( .VA/.Q  ) of normal lungs influences the kinetics of inhaled anesthetics. Methods Seven healthy pigs were anesthetized with intravenous anesthetics and mechanically ventilated. Each animal was studied under three different .VA/.Q conditions: normal, low, and high. For each .VA/.Q condition, desflurane and sevoflurane were administered at a constant, subanesthetic inspired partial pressure (0.15 volume% for sevoflurane and 0.5 volume% for desflurane) for 45 min. Pulmonary arterial and systemic arterial blood samples were collected at eight time points during uptake, and then at these same times during elimination, for measurement of desflurane and sevoflurane partial pressures. The authors also assessed the effect of .VA/.Q on paired differences in arterial and mixed venous partial pressures. Results For desflurane washin, the scaled arterial partial pressure differences between 5 and 0 min were 0.70 ± 0.10, 0.93 ± 0.08, and 0.82 ± 0.07 for the low, normal, and high .VA/.Q conditions (means, 95% CI). Equivalent measurements for sevoflurane were 0.55 ± 0.06, 0.77 ± 0.04, and 0.75 ± 0.08. For desflurane washout, the scaled arterial partial pressure differences between 0 and 5 min were 0.76 ± 0.04, 0.88 ± 0.02, and 0.92 ± 0.01 for the low, normal, and high .VA/.Q conditions. Equivalent measurements for sevoflurane were 0.79 ± 0.05, 0.85 ± 0.03, and 0.90 ± 0.03. Conclusions Kinetics of inhaled anesthetic washin and washout are substantially altered by changes in the global  .VA/.Q   ratio for normal lungs. Editor’s Perspective What We Already Know about This Topic What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Prostanoid cascade inhibition prevents cardiovascular and adrenocorticotropic responses to mineral acid infusion

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (6) ◽  
pp. R1235-R1241
Author(s):  
T. A. Cudd ◽  
C. E. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Mineral Acid ◽  
Acid Infusion ◽  
Arterial Partial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Ph ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Conscious Sheep

Mineral acid infusion is used to investigate the effects of acidemia on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Previous studies have shown that small infusions of HCl increase mean arterial pressure (MAP), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and cortisol without producing acidemia. We infused 1 meq/min of 1 N HCl intravenously into chronically catheterized conscious sheep with or without pretreatment with 1.1 mg/kg flunixin-N-methylglucamine, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor (n = 6). Acid infusion resulted in significant increases in heart rate (83 +/- 5 to 94 +/- 7 beats/min), MAP (84 +/- 3 to 104 +/- 6 mmHg), ACTH (97 +/- 23 to 285 +/- 101 pg/ml), cortisol (20 +/- 3 to 37 +/- 16 ng/ml), sodium (149.5 +/- 0.8 to 150.6 +/- 1.3 meq/l), potassium (3.96 +/- 0.09 to 4.31 +/- 0.19 meq/l), and thromboxane (Tx) B2 (stable metabolite of TxA2) (147 +/- 78 to 2,304 +/- 1,213 pg/ml), whereas these changes were prevented by flunixin. Plasma concentrations of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (stable metabolite of prostacyclin), prostaglandin E2, interleukin-1 alpha, and hematocrit did not change in either group. Arterial pH decreased, whereas arterial partial pressure of CO2 increased significantly in both groups. Arterial partial pressure of O2 declined in both groups, but the decrease was significantly greater in the group not receiving flunixin. We conclude that a cyclooxygenase metabolite, most likely TxA2, mediates the MAP, heart rate, ACTH, and cortisol responses to mineral acid infusion.

scholarly journals Observations on some cardiopulmonary effects of midazolam, xylazine and a midazolam / ketamine combination in the goat

1999 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
G.F. Stegmann
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Partial Pressure Of Oxygen ◽  
Arterial Partial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Change In Mean

Xylazine, midazolam and a midazolam / ketamine combination were administered to 6 goats in a randomised 3-way block design. All goats received all treatments with at least a 7-day interval between treatments. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) changes were observed in some of the measured cardiopulmonary variables for xylazine and midazolam/ ketamine. Xylazine administration resulted in statistically significant decreases in minute volume, arterial partial pressure of oxygen, heart rate andmeanarterial blood pressure. The increase in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide was not statistically significant. For the midazolam / ketamine combination, the decrease in tidal volume was statistically significant, but not the decrease in minute volume and increase in arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The decrease in the arterial partial pressure of oxygen was also statistically significant. The mean arterial blood pressure for the combination was statistically significantly higher compared to xylazine. The changes in cardiopulmonary variables after midazolam administration were not statistically significant, such as tidal and minute volume, arterial partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide. However, clinically significant effects such as hypoventilation and hypoxia were observed after its administration. The change in mean arterial blood pressure was minimal.

Pre-emptive Analgesia for Postoperative Pain Relief in Children – Role of Paracetamol

2009 ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Rubina Yasmin ◽  
AKM Akhtaruzzaman ◽  
Paresh Chandra Sarker ◽  
Neaz Ahmed ◽  
Ranadhir Kumar Kundu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Postoperative Pain ◽  
Diclofenac Sodium ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Prospective Clinical Study ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Induction Of Anaesthesia

This prospective clinical study was carried out in the Dept. of Anaesthesia, Analgesia and Intensive Care Medicine, BSMMU, Dhaka, during the period of May 2003 to July 2003. The study was done to emphasize the importance of giving analgesics preemptively instead of waiting for the child to complain of pain and to produce smooth recovery after surgery by decreasing immediate postoperative pain in children by a simple, safe acceptable drug. The children scheduled for tonsillectomy under general anaesthesia were recruited in this study. The analgesic efficiency of rectal paracetamol in two doses, 25 mg/kg bodywt.(Gr-P25) and 50 mg/kg. bodywt. (Gr-P50) were compared with Diclofenac Sodium suppository 1mg/ kg body weight (Gr-D) given half an hour before induction of anaesthesia. Pain scoring was done by TPPPS (Toddler Pre-schooler postoperative pain scale). Heart rate and blood pressure were stable in Gr-P50 and Gr-D. Time of first demand of analgesic was delayed in Gr-P50 and Gr-D. Total paracetamol consumption in 24 hours was less in Gr-P50(181±14.25) and Gr-D (212±25) than Gr-P25(318± 26.39). Total duration of analgesia in Gr- P50 (657±9.94) mins. and in Gr- D(502±10.63) mins. and in Gr-P25(288±23.17) mins. Pre-emptive high dose rectal paracetamol appears to be more effective than diclofenac sodium suppository for postoperative analgesia in children undergoing tonsillectomy. Journal of BSA, Vol. 18, No. 1 & 2, 2005 p.9-16

ROLE OF THE THYROID GLAND IN DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF RENAL HYPERTENSION IN RATS

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIV (III) ◽  
pp. 411-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melvin J. Fregly ◽  
Kenneth M. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Rate Increase ◽  
Renal Hypertension ◽  
The Other ◽  
Elevated Blood Pressure ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Elevated Blood ◽  
Inhibition Of Growth ◽  
Testicular Size

ABSTRACT The anti-thyroid drugs, thiouracil, propylthiouracil, and methimazole, prevented both development of elevated blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy usually accompanying kidney encapsulation with latex envelopes. These drugs also reduced elevated blood pressure of rats with hypertension of 13 to 40 weeks' duration prior to drug administration. Addition of desiccated thyroid powder to diet containing an anti-thyroid drug overcame the anti-hypertensive effect of the latter. Withdrawal of thyroid powder only was followed by return of blood pressure to previous low level within 3 weeks. The results suggest that the anti-hypertensive effect of these drugs is related directly to the hypothyroidism produced rather than to extrathyroidal effects of the drugs. Comparison of potencies of the 3 drugs in terms of anti-hypertensive effect, inhibition of growth rate, increase in testicular size, and increase in thyroid size suggests that propylthiouracil and methimazole are equally potent per unit weight of drug. Thiouracil has approximately half the potency of the other two.

PERAN KELUARGA DALAM MEMANTAU KEPATUHAN MINUM OBAT PENDERITA HIPERTENSI PADA MASYARAKAT

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saiful Nurhidayat
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Medication Adherence ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Elementary Education ◽  
College Education ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
The Family

Abstract : Hypertension or high blood pressure is an abnormal increase in blood pressure in the arteries continuously over a period. The dangers of hypertension can lead to damage to various organs including kidneys, brain, heart, eye, causing vascular resistance and stroke. Hypertension takes care of the old and continuously. One effective way to lower blood pressure is to obediently take medicine so that it takes the role of families in monitoring patients taking the medication. With the participation of the family are expected to hypertension sufferers can be controlled. This study aims to determine the family's role in monitoring the adherence of hypertensive patients. The study was conducted in rural communities Slahung Ponorogo, a representative sample of 53 respondents taken by purposive sampling. Quantitative design with cross sectional design of the study the family's role in monitoring the adherence of hypertensive patients. Instruments in this study using questionnaires and observation sheets. The results of 53 respondents obtained the majority of the 29 respondents (55%) has the role of both families and 24 respondents (45%) families have a bad role in monitoring medication adherence. Age and education contribute to determining the role family. Intermediate (41-60 years old) and college education contribute to determining the role well. Conversely > 61 years of elementary education and contribute in a bad role.Keywords : the role of the family, medication adherence, hypertension. Abstrak : Hipertensi atau tekanan darah tinggi adalah suatu peningkatan abnormal tekanan darah dalam pembuluh darah arteri secara terus-menerus lebih dari suatu periode. Bahaya hipertensi dapat memicu rusaknya berbagai organ tubuh diantaranya: ginjal, otak, jantung, mata, menyebabkan resistensi pembuluh darah dan stroke. Penyakit hipertensi membutuhkan perawatan yang lama dan terus menerus. Salah satu cara yang efektif untuk menurunkan tekanan darah adalah dengan patuh minum obat sehingga dibutuhkan peran keluarga dalam memantau minum obat penderita. Dengan adanya peran serta keluarga diharapkan penyakit hipertensi penderita dapat terkontrol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran keluarga dalam memantau kepatuhan minum obat penderita hipertensi. Penelitian dilakukan pada masyarakat desa Slahung Ponorogo,sampel representatif sejumlah 53 responden diambil secara Purposive Sampling. Desain kuantitatif dengan rancangan Cross sectional yang mempelajari peran keluarga dalam memantau kepatuhan minum obat penderita hipertensi. Instrumen pada penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner dan lembar observasi. Hasil penelitian dari 53 responden didapatkan sebagian besar 29 responden (55 %) keluarga mempunyai peran baik dan 24 responden (45 %) keluarga mempunyai peran buruk dalam memantau kepatuhan minum obat. Faktor usia dan pendidikan berkontribusi dalam menentukan peran keluarga. Usia madya (41-60 tahun) dan jenjang pendidikan perguruan tinggi berkontribusi dalam menentukan peran baik. Sebaliknya > 61 tahun dan jenjang pendidikan SD berkontribusi dalam peran buruk.Kata Kunci : peran keluarga, kepatuhan minum obat, penyakit hipertensi.

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