Reward comparison in chronic decerebrate rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (2) ◽  
pp. R479-R486 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Grigson ◽  
J. M. Kaplan ◽  
M. F. Roitman ◽  
R. Norgren ◽  
H. J. Grill
Keyword(s):  
Intertrial Interval ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Daily Session ◽  
The Other ◽  
Simultaneous Contrast ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Intact Rats

The simultaneous contrast paradigm was used to evaluate responsiveness to a low (0.05 M) and a high (0.5 M) concentration of sucrose under two conditions in intact and chronic decerebrate rats. In one condition the low concentration was presented on one day and the high concentration on another. In the other condition presentation of the two concentration was alternated within the same daily session. In each case there was a total of 40 trials/day during which the stimulus was delivered intraorally for 2 s at a rate of 1.5 ml/min with a 30-s intertrial interval. The results showed that the intact rats always licked more for the high than for the low concentration of sucrose but that the magnitude of the effect was larger when given the opportunity to compare the two concentrations within the same daily session. The decerebrate rats produced a similar pattern, but the concentration effect was evident only when the stimuli were alternated within the same daily session. These data stand as the first evidence that the isolated caudal brain stem is adequate for the expression of a behavior that depends on comparison processes involving short-term memory.

scholarly journals Prediction of Head Movement in 360-Degree Videos Using Attention Model

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3678
Author(s):  
Dongwon Lee ◽  
Minji Choi ◽  
Joohyun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
The Other ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Attention Model ◽  
Long Short Term Memory ◽  
Machine Learning Models

In this paper, we propose a prediction algorithm, the combination of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and attention model, based on machine learning models to predict the vision coordinates when watching 360-degree videos in a Virtual Reality (VR) or Augmented Reality (AR) system. Predicting the vision coordinates while video streaming is important when the network condition is degraded. However, the traditional prediction models such as Moving Average (MA) and Autoregression Moving Average (ARMA) are linear so they cannot consider the nonlinear relationship. Therefore, machine learning models based on deep learning are recently used for nonlinear predictions. We use the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) neural network methods, originated in Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), and predict the head position in the 360-degree videos. Therefore, we adopt the attention model to LSTM to make more accurate results. We also compare the performance of the proposed model with the other machine learning models such as Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) and RNN using the root mean squared error (RMSE) of predicted and real coordinates. We demonstrate that our model can predict the vision coordinates more accurately than the other models in various videos.

Short-Term Memory and the Nature of Interference from Concurrent Shadowing

1972 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal E. A. Kroll
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
Proactive Interference ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Auditory Memory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

Trigrams were presented visually or auditorily and followed by a 12 s retention interval filled with shadowing numbers or letters. Auditory memory letters followed by letter shadowing were recalled less than auditory memory letters followed by number shadowing or visual memory letters followed by either type of shadowing. The latter three conditions did not differ among themselves. An analysis of the recall intrusions suggested that forgetting of auditory memory letters followed by letter shadowing was caused mainly by a confusion between covert rehearsals and shadowing activity, while forgetting in the other three conditions was caused primarily by proactive interference from earlier memory trials.

scholarly journals The processing of images of biological threats in visual short-term memory

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1861) ◽  
pp. 20171283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip T. Quinlan ◽  
Yue Yue ◽  
Dale J. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Topic Model ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Emotional Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stimulus Selection ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory

The idea that there is enhanced memory for negatively, emotionally charged pictures was examined. Performance was measured under rapid, serial visual presentation (RSVP) conditions in which, on every trial, a sequence of six photo-images was presented. Briefly after the offset of the sequence, two alternative images (a target and a foil) were presented and participants attempted to choose which image had occurred in the sequence. Images were of threatening and non-threatening cats and dogs. The target depicted either an animal expressing an emotion distinct from the other images, or the sequences contained only images depicting the same emotional valence. Enhanced memory was found for targets that differed in emotional valence from the other sequence images, compared to targets that expressed the same emotional valence. Further controls in stimulus selection were then introduced and the same emotional distinctiveness effect obtained. In ruling out possible visual and attentional accounts of the data, an informal dual route topic model is discussed. This places emphasis on how visual short-term memory reveals a sensitivity to the emotional content of the input as it unfolds over time. Items that present with a distinctive emotional content stand out in memory.

How Does Acoustic Similarity Influence Short-Term Memory?

1968 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Baddeley
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acoustic Similarity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Listening Test ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Retrieval Cues ◽  
Similarity Effect ◽  
And Control

This study attempts to discover why items which are similar in sound are hard to recall in a short-term memory situation. The input, storage, and retrieval stages of the memory system are examined separately. Experiments I, II and III use a modification of the Peterson and Peterson technique to plot short-term forgetting curves for sequences of acoustically similar and control words. If acoustically similar sequences are stored less efficiently, they should be forgotten more rapidly. All three experiments show a parallel rate of forgetting for acoustically similar and control sequences, suggesting that the acoustic similarity effect does not occur during storage. Two input hypotheses are then examined, one involving a simple sensory trace, the other an overloading of a system which must both discriminate and memorize at the same time. Both predict that short-term memory for spoken word sequences should deteriorate when the level of background noise is increased. Subjects performed both a listening test and a memory test in which they attempted to recall sequences of five words. Noise impaired performance on the listening test but had no significant effect on retention, thus supporting neither of the input hypotheses. The final experiments studied two retrieval hypotheses. The first of these, Wickelgren's phonemic-associative hypotheses attributes the acoustic similarity effect to inter-item associations. It predicts that, when sequences comprising a mixture of similar and dissimilar items are recalled, errors should follow acoustically similar items. The second hypothesis attributes the effect to the overloading of retrieval cues which consequently do not discriminate adequately among available responses. It predicts maximum error rate on, not following, similar items. Two experiments were performed, one involving recall of visually presented letter sequences, the other of auditorily presented word sequences. Both showed a marked tendency for errors to coincide with acoustically similar items, as the second hypothesis would predict. It is suggested that the acoustic similarity effect occurs at retrieval and is due to the overloading of retrieval cues.

Short-term memory and intertrial interval

1967 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Loess ◽  
Nancy C. Waugh
Keyword(s):  
Intertrial Interval ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory

scholarly journals Chronic Exposure to Low Concentration Lead Chloride-Induced Anxiety and Loss of Aggression and Memory in Zebrafish

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngoc Hieu Bui Thi ◽  
Ngoc Anh Nguyen Thi ◽  
Gilbert Audira ◽  
Petrus Siregar ◽  
Sung-Tzu Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Predator Avoidance ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Adult Zebrafish ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Biochemical Assays ◽  
The Brain

Lead and lead-derived compounds have been extensively utilized in industry, and their chronic toxicity towards aquatic animals has not been thoroughly addressed at a behavioral level. In this study, we assessed the risk of exposure to lead at a waterborne environmental concentration in adult zebrafish by behavioral and biochemical analyses. Nine tests, including three-dimension (3D) locomotion, novel tank exploration, mirror biting, predator avoidance, social interaction, shoaling, circadian rhythm locomotor activity, color preference, and a short-term memory test, were performed to assess the behavior of adult zebrafish after the exposure to 50 ppb PbCl2 for one month. The brain tissues were dissected and subjected to biochemical assays to measure the relative expression of stress biomarkers and neurotransmitters to elucidate the underlying mechanisms for behavioral alterations. The results of the behavioral tests showed that chronic exposure to lead could elevate the stress and anxiety levels characterized by elevated freezing and reduced exploratory behaviors. The chronic exposure to PbCl2 at a low concentration also induced a sharp reduction of aggressiveness and short-term memory. However, no significant change was found in predator avoidance, social interaction, shoaling, or color preference. The biochemical assays showed elevated cortisol and reduced serotonin and melatonin levels in the brain, thus, altering the behavior of the PbCl2-exposed zebrafish. In general, this study determined the potential ecotoxicity of long-term lead exposure in adult zebrafish through multiple behavioral assessments. The significant findings were that even at a low concentration, long-term exposure to lead could impair the memory and cause a decrease in the aggressiveness and exploratory activities of zebrafish, which may reduce their survival fitness.

Short-Term Memory: Mode of Presentation for Alphanumeric Information

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Fell ◽  
Kenneth R. Laughery
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Mode ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Span ◽  
Presentation Rate ◽  
Presentation Mode ◽  
The Other ◽  
Span Task ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Mode Of Presentation

Performance in a memory-span task using eight-letter sequences was explored as a function of presentation rate (.5, .75, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 sec/item) and presentation mode (visual, auditory, simultaneous visual and auditory, and mixed visual and auditory). Results indicate that performance in the mixed mode was inferior to the other three modes, but the other modes did not differ from each other. As presentation rate decreased, performance improved. These results are consistent with current theories of memory and indicate that the mode in which alphanumeric information is displayed is unimportant provided the modes are not mixed.

The “Consciousness Problem” is Not the Problem

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Casler
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Psychological Processes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Psychological Consequence ◽  
Behavioral Scientist ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Psychological Concepts

Although the concept of consciousness is not necessary for the behavioral scientist, it is closely related to a number of psychological concepts that are generally believed to be necessary. Consciousness may be defined as the very short-term memory of a just-completed perceptual act. It may thus be understood as a psychological consequence of psychological antecedents. The question of how brain processes result in consciousness is a misleading one and should be replaced by questions concerning the relationships between the brain and perception, memory, and the other psychological processes that precede consciousness.

Responses of the H1 neuron of the fly to jumped edges

1990 ◽  
Vol 329 (1252) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Motion Detection ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
Directional Response ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Directional Motion ◽  
Previous State ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Directional motion detection was measured as the response of the H1 neuron of the fly. The stimulus was the jump of a single black-white edge or a single bar through an angle of 1.5°, which is similar to the angle between adjacent receptor axes. An edge that advances by one receptor causes the same change in that receptor whichever way it moves, but the response is to one direction only. Therefore the steady state of the receptors before the stimulus jump is available to the directional motion perception mechanism no matter how long the stimulus has been at rest. This short-term memory of the previous state of the receptors persists even though the bar disappears briefly during its jump. Similarly, the response to a bar is directional although a black bar that jumps one way causes the same changes in a photoreceptor pair as a white bar that jumps the other way. Responses to ‘off' are distinguished from directional responses to motion. If the contrast of the bar is reversed at the jump, the directionality is lost, showing that algebraic multiplication does not occur when the stimulus is a narrow bar. Motion is inferred by interaction of the nearest edge with the former position of an edge having the same orientation. Black-white edges therefore do not interact with white—black edges to produce a directional response. The results are discussed in terms of the template model, which is a Boolean representation of spatio-temporal fields of expectant neurons in parallel behind each visual axis.

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