Genetic variation in EEG activity during sleep in inbred mice

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (4) ◽  
pp. R1127-R1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Franken ◽  
Alain Malafosse ◽  
Mehdi Tafti
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Paradoxical Sleep ◽  
Inbred Mice ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Eeg Activity ◽  
Reticular Activating System ◽  
Neurophysiological Mechanisms

The genetic variation in spontaneous rhythmic electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was assessed by the quantitative analysis of the EEG in six inbred mice strains. Mean spectral EEG profiles (0–25 Hz) over 24 h were obtained for paradoxical sleep (PS), slow-wave sleep (SWS), and wakefulness. A highly significant genotype-specific variation was found for theta peak frequency during both PS and SWS, which strongly suggests the presence of a gene with a major effect. The strain distribution of theta peak frequency during exploratory behavior differed from that during sleep. In SWS, the relative contributions of delta (1–4 Hz) and sigma (11–15) power to the EEG varied with genotype and power in both frequency bands was negatively correlated. In addition, the EEG dynamics at state transitions were analyzed with a 4-s resolution. The onset of PS, but not that of wakefulness, was preceded by a pronounced peak in high-frequency (>11 Hz) power. These findings are discussed in terms of the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying rhythm generation and their control and modulation by the brain stem reticular-activating system.

Sleep-Wake Related Discharge Properties of Basal Forebrain Neurons Recorded With Micropipettes in Head-Fixed Rats

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 1182-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maan Gee Lee ◽  
Ian D. Manns ◽  
Angel Alonso ◽  
Barbara E. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave ◽  
Basal Forebrain ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Paradoxical Sleep ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Gamma Activity ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Eeg Activity ◽  
Cell Groups

The basal forebrain has been shown to play an important role in cortical activation of wake and paradoxical sleep (PS), yet has also been posited to play a role in slow wave sleep (SWS). In an effort to determine whether these different roles may be fulfilled by different cell groups, including cholinergic and GABAergic cells, we recorded from 123 units in waking-sleeping, head-fixed rats using micropipettes to allow juxtacellular labeling. Functional sets of intermingled cell groups emerged as units whose discharge was as follows: 1) maximum in active wake (aW) and positively or not correlated with EEG gamma activity, while positively correlated with nuchal EMG activity, and thus potentially facilitatory for waking and behavioral arousal (12%); 2) maximum in SWS or SWS-PS and positively correlated with delta EEG activity, while not or negatively correlated with EMG activity, and thus potentially promotive for sleep with cortical slow wave activity and/or accompanying behavioral changes (16%); 3) maximum in PS or PS and aW and positively correlated with gamma and theta EEG activity, while negatively or not correlated with EMG activity, and thus potentially promotive for cortical activation during PS or PS and W (62%); and 4) equivalent across all states and thus not involved in state regulation (∼10%). Units of each group also manifested different firing patterns typified as slow tonic (19.5%), fast tonic (32.5%), or fast phasic (48%), including rhythmic bursting (6%). Through these diverse cell groups, the basal forebrain has the capacity to modulate cortical activity, behavior, and/or related physiological processes across the sleep-waking cycle and thereby regulate the sleep-wake state of the animal.

Continuous recordings of brain regional circulation during sleep/wake state transitions in rats

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (4) ◽  
pp. R855-R863 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Gerashchenko ◽  
H. Matsumura
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Regional Blood Flow ◽  
Paradoxical Sleep ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
Regional Circulation ◽  
Experimental Apparatus ◽  
Large Brain ◽  
Freely Behaving ◽  
High Level

Continuous measurement of regional blood flow (RBF) in the brain of a freely behaving rat was attained by a combination of laser-Doppler (LD) flowmetry and our originally devised apparatus, which had been developed for the automatic releasing of the twisting of lines connected between experimental apparatus and the freely behaving animal. RBF changes were studied in a ventral region of the rostral basal forebrain along with sleep-wake states. When compared with the RBF level during slow-wave sleep (SWS), levels of RBF during paradoxical sleep (PS) and wakefulness were higher by 24 (P = 0.0001) and 9% (P < 0.05), respectively. The LD signals suggested that the RBF elevation during PS was produced by dilation of both the large brain arteries and small vessels, whereas the elevation during wakefulness was caused by dilation of small vessels that was counteracted by contraction of large arteries. It was noticed that the original circulation tended to begin changing before the onset of SWS. A circadian rhythm was also demonstrated for the RBF, which largely decreased around the onset of the light period and returned to the high level before the beginning of the dark period. Thus continuous and real-time recordings of regional circulation were performed with satisfactorily precision in freely behaving rats.

Effects of tianeptine on sleep-wakefulness cycles in the rhesus monkey

1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Author(s):  
E Balzamo ◽  
D Lagarde ◽  
C Milhaud ◽  
E Mocaer ◽  
JC Poignant
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Slow Wave ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Paradoxical Sleep ◽  
Eeg Activity ◽  
Electrophysiological Data ◽  
Antidepressant Agent ◽  
Sedative Effects ◽  
Repeated Administrations

SummaryRepeated administrations of tianeptine (10 mg·kg-1 im, twice daily, for 15 days) did not globally influence sleep-wakefulness cycles and cortical EEG activity overnight in rhesus monkeys. This antidepressant agent neither inhibited paradoxical sleep nor increased slow wave sleep. However, tianeptine induced a slight, but significant increase in wakefulness during the first hour following its administration, and had no sedative effects. The influence of tianeptine on sleep patterns in the monkey could be related to other arousal or sleep modifications observed in rats and cats, and to certain electrophysiological data reported in rat studies.

Influence of hypothalamic and ambient temperatures on sleep in kangaroo rats

1979 ◽  
Vol 237 (1) ◽  
pp. R80-R88 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sakaguchi ◽  
S. F. Glotzbach ◽  
H. C. Heller
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Total Sleep Time ◽  
Paradoxical Sleep ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Peripheral Stimulus ◽  
Kangaroo Rats ◽  
Hypothalamic Temperature ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Thermoregulatory System

Unanesthetized, unrestrained kangaroo rats (Dipodomys) were studied to examine the changes in the frequency and duration of sleep states caused by long-term manipulations of hypothalamic temperature (Thy) at a thermoneutral (30 degrees C) and a low (20 degrees C) ambient temperature (Ta). A cold stimulus present in either the hypothalamus or the skin decreased both the total sleep time (TST) and the ratio of paradoxical sleep (PS) to TST. At a low Ta, TST, but not the PS-to-TST ratio, was increased by raising Thy, indicating that a cold peripheral stimulus could differentially inhibit PS. At a thermoneutral Ta, cooling Thy decreased both TST and the PS/TST. Changes in the amount of PS were due largely to changes in the frequency, but not the duration, of individual episodes of PS, suggesting that the transition to PS is partially dependent on the thermoregulatory conditions existing during slow-wave sleep (SWS). These results are consistent with the recent findings that the thermoregulatory system is functional during SWS but is inhibited or inactivated during PS.

scholarly journals Increasing plant group productivity through latent genetic variation for cooperation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel E. Wuest ◽  
Nuno D. Pires ◽  
Shan Luo ◽  
Francois Vasseur ◽  
Julie Messier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Group Testing ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Root Competition ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Pleiotropic Gene ◽  
Selective Forces ◽  
Future Demands ◽  
The Individual

AbstractTechnologies for crop breeding have become increasingly sophisticated, yet it remains unclear whether these advances are sufficient to meet future demands. A major challenge with current crop selection regimes is that they are often based on individual performance. This tends to select for plants with “selfish” traits, which leads to a yield loss when they compete in high-density stands. In traditional breeding, this well-known “tragedy of the commons” has been addressed by anticipating ideotypes with presumably preferential characteristics. However, this approach is limited to obvious architectural and physiological traits, and it depends on a mechanistic understanding of how these modulate growth and competition. Here, we developed a general and simple method for the discovery of alleles promoting cooperation of plants in stands; it is based on the game-theoretical premise that alleles increasing cooperation incur a cost to the individual but benefit the monoculture group. Testing the approach using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, we found a single major effect locus where the rarer allele was associated with increased levels of cooperation and superior monoculture productivity. We show that the allele likely affects a pleiotropic regulator of growth and defense, since it is also associated with reduced root competition but higher race-specific resistance against a specialized parasite. Even though cooperation is considered evolutionarily unstable, conflicting selective forces acting on a pleiotropic gene might thus maintain latent genetic variation for it in nature. Such variation, once identified in a crop, could be rapidly leveraged in modern breeding programs and provide efficient routes to increase yields.

scholarly journals Electroencephalographic Evidence for Individual Neural Inertia in Mice That Decreases With Time

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Z. Wasilczuk ◽  
Qing Cheng Meng ◽  
Andrew R. McKinstry-Wu
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Model ◽  
Path Dependence ◽  
Inbred Mice ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Supervised Machine Learning ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Intrinsic Resistance ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Increased Risk

Previous studies have demonstrated that the brain has an intrinsic resistance to changes in arousal state. This resistance is most easily measured at the population level in the setting of general anesthesia and has been termed neural inertia. To date, no study has attempted to determine neural inertia in individuals. We hypothesize that individuals with markedly increased or decreased neural inertia might be at increased risk for complications related to state transitions, from awareness under anesthesia, to delayed emergence or confusion/impairment after emergence. Hence, an improved theoretical and practical understanding of neural inertia may have the potential to identify individuals at increased risk for these complications. This study was designed to explicitly measure neural inertia in individuals and empirically test the stochastic model of neural inertia using spectral analysis of the murine EEG. EEG was measured after induction of and emergence from isoflurane administered near the EC50 dose for loss of righting in genetically inbred mice on a timescale that minimizes pharmacokinetic confounds. Neural inertia was assessed by employing classifiers constructed using linear discriminant or supervised machine learning methods to determine if features of EEG spectra reliably demonstrate path dependence at steady-state anesthesia. We also report the existence of neural inertia at the individual level, as well as the population level, and that neural inertia decreases over time, providing direct empirical evidence supporting the predictions of the stochastic model of neural inertia.

Neuropsychiatry of consciousness

2020 ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
David Linden
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative State ◽  
Persistent Vegetative State ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Clinical Scenarios ◽  
Ascending Reticular Activating System ◽  
Reticular Activating System ◽  
Neurophysiological Mechanisms

Consciousness requires wakefulness and awareness. Many neuropsychiatric syndromes involve the disturbance of these functions. This chapter provides an overview of the various clinical presentations involving quantitative or qualitative disturbances of consciousness in order to explore the associated pathologies and underlying neurophysiological mechanisms. It lays out a number of clinical syndromes associated with impaired consciousness, such as persistent vegetative state (PVS) or unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS), where the patient’s bodily functions can continue independently and show activity in higher motor areas when prompted under functional magnetic resonance imaging, yet are unable to communicate or follow commands. Focus is then given to altered mental states where conditions, such as neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), may cause patients to experience depersonalization, fugue states, and hallucinations. After exploring the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of such disorders, with a description of the function and significance of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), a number of clinical scenarios are presented.

scholarly journals Insights into paradoxical (REM) sleep homeostatic regulation in mice using an innovative automated sleep deprivation method

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Arthaud ◽  
Paul-Antoine Libourel ◽  
Pierre-Hervé Luppi ◽  
Christelle Peyron
Keyword(s):  
Slow Wave ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Paradoxical Sleep ◽  
Corticosterone Level ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Homeostatic Regulation ◽  
External Modulation

Abstract Identifying the precise neuronal networks activated during paradoxical sleep (PS, also called REM sleep) has been a challenge since its discovery. Similarly, our understanding of the homeostatic mechanisms regulating PS, whether through external modulation by circadian and ultradian drives or via intrinsic homeostatic regulation, is still limited, largely due to interfering factors rendering the investigation difficult. Indeed, none of the studies published so far were able to manipulate PS without significantly altering slow-wave sleep and/or stress level, thus introducing a potential bias in the analyses. With the aim of achieving a better understanding of PS homeostasis, we developed a new method based on automated scoring of vigilance states—using electroencephalogram and electromyogram features—and which involves closed-loop PS deprivation through the induction of cage floor movements when PS is detected. Vigilance states were analyzed during 6 and 48 h of PS deprivation as well as their following recovery periods. Using this new automated methodology, we were able to deprive mice of PS with high efficiency and specificity, for short or longer periods of time, observing no sign of stress (as evaluated by plasma corticosterone level and sleep latency) and requiring no human intervention or environmental changes. We show here that PS can be homeostatically modulated and regulated while no significant changes are induced on slow-wave sleep and wakefulness, with a PS rebound duration depending on the amount of prior PS deficit. We also show that PS interval duration is not correlated with prior PS episode duration in the context of recovery from PS deprivation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document