Aldosterone is a physiologically significant kaliuretic hormone

To study the role of aldosterone in the short-term control of potassium excretion, rats were gavaged with a liquid diet containing 10-20% of their daily caloric and potassium intake, with a range of sodium intakes. Levels of (effective) aldosterone at the time of gavage were manipulated by administration of spironolactone, aldosterone, and adrenalectomy. Urinary sodium, potassium, and creatinine excretion were measured in conscious unrestrained rats for 2 h after the food load, and then blood was collected for measurement of plasma potassium, aldosterone, and renin activity. Potassium excretion was dependent on both dietary potassium and a minimum dietary sodium content. Potassium excretion was reduced by spironolactone and adrenalectomy and increased by acute aldosterone treatment in most dietary groups. These results strongly suggest that the ambient levels of aldosterone are important in determining potassium excretion following food ingestion. Plasma aldosterone was higher with the higher potassium and lower sodium content diets. Changes in plasma aldosterone, with variations in dietary potassium or sodium, suggest a role for aldosterone in subsequent potassium excretion.

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Effect of Changes in Sodium Balance on Potassium/Aldosterone Dose-Response Curves in the Dog

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0620373 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 373-380 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

M. G. Nicholls ◽

M. Tree ◽

J. H. Livesey ◽

R. Fraser ◽

J. J. Morton ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Angiotensin Ii ◽

Dose Response ◽

Plasma Potassium ◽

Plasma Aldosterone ◽

Dietary Sodium ◽

Sodium Balance ◽

Sodium Depletion ◽

Beagle Dogs ◽

Response Curves ◽

Dose Response Curves

1. Potassium was infused intravenously in an incremental fashion and the plasma aldosterone responses were measured in conscious beagle dogs at five different intakes of dietary sodium. 2. Potassium/aldosterone dose—response curves were constructed for each dietary sodium regimen. 3. The rate of increase of plasma potassium during graded potassium infusion became progressively greater with increasing sodium depletion. 4. Regression lines of plasma aldosterone on plasma potassium were progressively elevated and steepened with increasing sodium depletion. 5. The alteration of these dose-response curves could in part have been the result of chronic elevation of plasma potassium and angiotensin II, and depression of plasma sodium, with sodium deprivation. 6. By contrast, acute changes in plasma angiotensin II or sodium concentrations across incremental infusions of potassium did not explain the progressive changes in the potassium/aldosterone dose—response curves. 7. The steepest part of the plasma aldosterone response curve was in the plasma potassium range 4–6 mmol/l. 8. Maximum achieved aldosterone levels were similar to or greater than those attained during angiotensin II infusion in previous studies in beagle dogs. 9. Potassium, like angiotensin II and adrenocorticotropic hormone, becomes a more effective stimulus to aldosterone with sodium depletion, thereby facilitating the preservation of sodium homoeostasis.

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Dietary Sodium, Potassium, and Sodium to Potassium Ratio in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Biological Research For Nursing ◽

10.1177/10998004211065491 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 109980042110654

Author(s):

María Correa-Rodríguez ◽

Sara DelOlmo-Romero ◽

Gabriela Pocovi-Gerardino ◽

José-Luis Callejas-Rubio ◽

Raquel Ríos-Fernández ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Activity ◽

Sodium Intake ◽

Dietary Sodium ◽

Complement C3 ◽

Systemic Lupus ◽

Sodium Potassium ◽

Complement C4 ◽

Potassium Intake ◽

Dietary Potassium ◽

Sodium And Potassium

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary sodium, potassium, and sodium:potassium ratio and clinical disease activity parameters, damage accrual, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in a population of patients with systemic lupus erythematous (SLE). Research design and study sample: A cross-sectional study including a total of 280 patients was conducted (90.4% females; mean age 46.9 ± 12.85 years). Data collection: The SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI-2K) and the SDI Damage Index were used to assess disease activity and disease-related damage, respectively. A 24-hour diet recall was used to estimate dietary intake of sodium and potassium. Results: Dietary sodium intake was significantly associated with anti-dsDNA ( β = −.005; 95% CI [.002 .008]; p = .001) and complement C4 level ( β = −.002; 95% CI [−.003, .000]; p = .039). Dietary potassium intake was also significantly associated with complement C3 level ( β = −.004; 95% CI [−.007, −.001]; p = .021). Multiple logistic regression models revealed a positive association between dietary sodium intake and the risk of having hsCRP > 3 ( p = .005) and an inverse association between dietary potassium intake and the risk of having hsCRP > 3 ( p = .004). Conclusions: SLE patients with higher dietary sodium and lower dietary potassium intakes had an increased risk of higher hsCRP. Dietary sodium intake was significantly associated with anti-dsDNA and complement C4 level, while dietary potassium intake was associated with complement C3 level, supporting that dietary sodium and potassium intakes might play a key role in markers related to disease activity in SLE patients.

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Abstract P190: Associations of 24-h Urinary Sodium/potassium (Na/K) Ratio with Recommended Intakes of Na and K: The INTERMAP Study

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.133.suppl_1.p190 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 133 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Toshiyuki Iwahori ◽

Katsuyuki Miura ◽

Hirotsugu Ueshima ◽

Queenie Chan ◽

Nagako Okuda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Gold Standard ◽

International Study ◽

Dietary Sodium ◽

Who Guidelines ◽

Sodium Potassium ◽

Men And Women ◽

Dietary Potassium ◽

Definitive Guideline ◽

Dietary Data

Background: High dietary sodium (Na), low dietary potassium (K) and high dietary sodium/potassium (Na/K) ratio are associated with adverse blood pressure levels and excess risks of cardiovascular diseases. 24-h urine collection is the gold standard for measuring dietary Na, K and Na/K ratio. Recommended levels of Na and K intakes are suggested in WHO guidelines; less than 85 mmol/day for Na; at least 90 mmol/day for K; there is no definitive guideline for Na/K ratio. Objective: Our primary aim was to compare the level of urinary Na/K ratio with the current recommended levels of Na and K intakes suggested in WHO guidelines. Methods: INTERMAP is an international study on associations of multiple dietary variables with blood pressure (BP), based on two timed 24-hr urine collections and dietary data from 4 in-depth 24-h dietary recalls in 4,680 men and women ages 40-59 years in China, Japan, United Kingdom and United States (US). Na/K ratio of 24-hr urine stratified in 1 unit intervals was compared with the current recommended levels of Na and K intakes suggested in WHO guidelines. Na intake was evaluated by urinary Na excretion; K intake by dietary K intake. Results: Thirty-one of the 4,680 INTERMAP participants (0.7%) had urinary Na/K ratio less than 1. The proportions of participants with Na excretion less than 2 g/day (85 mmol/day) among all 4,680 individuals were 77% (n=24), 19% (n=117), and 0.2% (n=11) in those with urinary Na/K ratio less than 1, 1 to 2, and more than 4, respectively. In US samples (n=2,195) the proportions were 88% (n=15), 19% (n=70), and 0.3% (n=6), respectively. The proportions of participants with dietary K intake more than 3.51 g/day (90 mmol/day) among all 4,680 individuals were 71% (n=22), 38% (n=233), and 2.4% (n=111) in those with urinary Na/K ratio less than 1, 1 to 2, and more than 4, respectively. In US samples the proportions were 59% (n=10), 38% (n=138), and 2.1% (n=47), respectively. Conclusions: WHO recommends Na intake less than 85 mmol/day, and K intake more than 90 mmol/day. Urinary Na/K ratio less than 1 is needed to ensure reasonable compliance with these recommendations. Currently, very few people satisfy urinary Na/K ratio less than 1, so population-wide efforts are needed to reduce salt (sodium chloride) and increase K intake.

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Role of renal nerves in renal sodium retention of nephrotic syndrome

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.1989.256.5.f823 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 256 (5) ◽

pp. F823-F829 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

P. J. Herman ◽

L. L. Sawin ◽

G. F. DiBona

Keyword(s):

Nephrotic Syndrome ◽

Renal Denervation ◽

Sodium Content ◽

Vehicle Control ◽

Dietary Sodium ◽

Sodium Balance ◽

Renal Nerves ◽

Sodium Retention ◽

Edema Formation

To define the role of the renal nerves in the renal sodium retention of the nephrotic syndrome, experiments were conducted in rats given adriamycin to produce nephrotic syndrome. All rats developed proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia and exhibited edema formation. Adriamycin-injected nephrotic rats were subjected to bilateral renal denervation (ADRIADNX) or sham renal denervation (ADRIASHAM). Rats injected with adriamycin vehicle were subjected to bilateral renal denervation (DNX) or sham renal denervation (SHAM). Metabolic balance studies were carried out in all rats beginning on the 8th day after bilateral or sham renal denervation. Dietary sodium content was 210 meq/kg Na on days 8-12 and days 24-26 and was 10 meq/kg Na on days 13-23. Nephrotic rats demonstrated significantly greater overall (19 days) cumulative sodium balance than vehicle control rats, ADRIASHAM 8.47 +/- 0.81 vs. SHAM 5.74 +/- 0.34 meq Na, P less than 0.01. Bilateral renal denervation did not significantly affect overall cumulative sodium balance in the vehicle control rats, DNX 6.15 +/- 0.71 vs. SHAM 5.74 +/- 0.34 meq Na. However, bilateral renal denervation significantly decreased overall cumulative sodium balance in the nephrotic rats, ADRIADNX 6.59 +/- 0.56 vs. ADRIASHAM 8.47 +/- 0.81 meq Na, P less than 0.01. Results indicated that the increased renal sodium retention characteristic of nephrotic syndrome is dependent, in large part, on increased efferent renal sympathetic nerve activity.

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Abstract P096: Excess Sodium and Inadequate Potassium Dietary Intake by Italian Children and Adolescents: Results of the MINISAL Survey

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.127.suppl_12.ap096 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽

Author(s):

Angelo Campanozzi ◽

Sonia Avallone ◽

Daniela Galeone ◽

Pasquale Strazzullo

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Potassium Excretion ◽

Sodium Potassium ◽

Creatinine Excretion ◽

Potassium Intake ◽

Study Population ◽

Sodium And Potassium ◽

Age Category

Introduction: The MINISAL survey aimed to assess the age-, gender- and region-specific habitul sodium and potassium intake and its association with relevant anthropometric characteristics in a national sample of Italian healthy children and adolescents referred to centers recognised by the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and Pediatric Nutrition. Methods: The study population included 1422 6 to 18 yrs. old subjects from ten regions. Main anthropometric indexes, blood pressure (BP) and 24h urinary sodium and potassium excretion (as proxy for habitual sodium and potassium intake) were measured using carefully standardised procedures. Potentially incomplete 24h collections were identified and excluded from the analysis based on values of urinary creatinine/Kg body weight and/or a urinary volume below the 5 th percentile of the overall distribution. The analysis was carried out upon stratification by gender (M=788, F=644), puberal age category: <9 yrs, 9-11 yrs. and 5 months, >11 yrs. and 5 mo. (male); < 8 yrs., 8-10 yrs. and 2 mo., > 10 yrs. and 2 mo. (female), and scholar age category: 6-10 yrs., 11-13 yrs. and 14-18 yrs (both male and female participants). The relationships among body weight, sodium, potassium and creatinine excretion were analysed using Z-scores as an index of body mass. Results: The 24h sodium and potassium excretion were higher in male than in female participants (respectively, 130±63 vs 119±56 mmol; p=0.001 and 39±18 vs 37±16 mmol; p=0.003). Upon stratification by puberal age and gender, 24h urinary sodium and potassium excretion were respectively 109±54 and 36±19 mol in category 1, 134±60 and 40±16 in category 2 and 152±69 and 43±17 in category 3 for male subjects (p<0.01); 98±39 and 33±13 in category 1, 105±45 and 34±13 in category 2 and 137±63 and 40±18 mmol in category 3 for female individuals (p<0.05). The expected gender difference in 24h urinary creatinine was observed in all age categories (p<0.05). Male individuals had consistently greater sodium, potassium and creatinine excretion than female individuals (p between <0.001 and <0.05). Upon stratification of the study population in four body weight categories (BMI Z-score <0, 0 to <0,9, 1 to <1,9 and ≥2), 24h sodium excretion was significantly greater in obese compared to normal weight children. 24h potassium excretion was also greater in obese children and adolescents compared with their normal weight counterparts (p=0.002). No significant difference was observed in either sodium or potassium excretion by geographical area. Conclusions: The MINISAL survey indicates a substantial age-, gender- and body mass-related variation with average values of sodium intake definitely high when related to true physiological needs or to the “adequate intakes” defined by the health institutions. By contrast, the habitual potassium intake was relatively low and such to indicate an inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption.

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The role of healthy nutrition and diet in the prevention of non-communicable diseases among the aged

Geriatric Care ◽

10.4081/gc.2019.7961 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Israel Ayenigbara

Keyword(s):

Dietary Fiber ◽

Chronic Diseases ◽

Saturated Fat ◽

Communicable Diseases ◽

Dietary Sodium ◽

Non Communicable Diseases ◽

Healthy Nutrition ◽

Nutrition And Diet ◽

Dietary Potassium

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) kill approximately 41 million individuals every year, proportional to 71% of all deaths universally. This paper discuses the role of healthy nutrition and diet in the prevention of non-communicable diseases among the aged. It is a theoretical research in which Non-communicable diseases and the aged was discussed, and researched backed nutritional recommendations for the prevention of common non-communicable diseases, and other geriatric illnesses was extensively discussed under; Increment in vegetable and fruit consumption, Lessening of saturated fat intake, Increment in dietary fiber, Lessening of dietary sodium intake, Increment in dietary potassium consumption and reduction in alcohol consumption. It was concluded that healthy nutrition can well help in the prevention of non-communicable and chronic diseases among aged, therefore, healthy nutrition should be a preferred strategy tool in the prevention of non-communicable and chronic diseases among this age group. It was however recommended that; keeping up of good weight, increasing of vegetable and natural fruits product consumption, reduction of saturated fat consumption, increasing of dietary fiber consumption, decrease in dietary sodium and increment of dietary potassium intake, and reducing the rate of alcohol use; all helps in the prevention of non-communicable disease and other geriatric illnesses affecting the aged.

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Sodium Imbalance in Mice Results Primarily in Compensatory Gene Regulatory Responses in Kidney and Colon, but Not in Taste Tissue

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12040995 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 995 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kristina Lossow ◽

Wolfgang Meyerhof ◽

Maik Behrens

Keyword(s):

Prolonged Exposure ◽

Bitter Taste ◽

Sodium Content ◽

Dietary Sodium ◽

Salt Appetite ◽

Dietary Salt ◽

Sodium Homeostasis ◽

Salt Taste ◽

Sodium Appetite

Renal excretion and sodium appetite provide the basis for sodium homeostasis. In both the kidney and tongue, the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is involved in sodium uptake and sensing. The diuretic drug amiloride is known to block ENaC, producing a mild natriuresis. However, amiloride is further reported to induce salt appetite in rodents after prolonged exposure as well as bitter taste impressions in humans. To examine how dietary sodium content and amiloride impact on sodium appetite, mice were subjected to dietary salt and amiloride intervention and subsequently analyzed for ENaC expression and taste reactivity. We observed substantial changes of ENaC expression in the colon and kidney confirming the role of these tissues for sodium homeostasis, whereas effects on lingual ENaC expression and taste preferences were negligible. In comparison, prolonged exposure to amiloride-containing drinking water affected β- and αENaC expression in fungiform and posterior taste papillae, respectively, next to changes in salt taste. However, amiloride did not only change salt taste sensation but also perception of sucrose, glutamate, and citric acid, which might be explained by the fact that amiloride itself activates bitter taste receptors in mice. Accordingly, exposure to amiloride generally affects taste impression and should be evaluated with care.

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A simple method for definition of incomplete suppression of aldosterone and its association with hypertension and hypokalaemia in man

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0710375 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 71 (4) ◽

pp. 375-383 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

William R. Adam

Keyword(s):

Model Fitting ◽

Distal Tubule ◽

Plasma Potassium ◽

Normal Subjects ◽

Dietary Sodium ◽

Control Mechanisms ◽

Potassium Excretion ◽

Confidence Limits ◽

Simple Method ◽

Urinary Potassium

1. By defining a model for control of potassium homoeostasis, patients with unexplained hypokalaemia may then be described as fitting or not fitting the model. Fitting the model implies an abnormality of known control mechanisms (e.g. aldosterone); by contrast, not fitting the model suggests other unknown factors responsible for the hypokalaemia and, possibly, hypertension. 2. In the presence of normal acid-base status, potassium excretion (Uκ+. V) is regulated by plasma potassium (Pκ+), delivery of sodium to the distal tubule and aldosterone secretion. A linear relationship (correlation coefficient of 0.72) was defined by: U κ+ V/P κ+ = 5.1 × log(UAldoV) × log(Uκ+V) + 1.4 based on a 24 h urine collection and plasma sample, in 16 normal subjects, 50 hypertensive normokalaemic subjects and 11 patients with hyperaldosteronism. 3. The relationship was robust and held true for variations in dietary sodium and potassium intake (5–300 and 20–100 mmol/day respectively) and variations in aldosterone excretion produced by enalapril. Patients with abnormal renal potassium wasting due to known extraneous factors (n = 11) all fell outside the 95% confidence limits. 4. Twelve patients with hypertension and hypokalaemia and renal potassium wasting all fitted within the confidence limits, being no different from 22 controls selected on the basis of age and urinary potassium excretion (30–50 mmol/day). This suggests that in these 12 patients the hypokalaemia (but not necessarily the hypertension) was not due to ‘unknown’ steroids but rather lack of regulation of the controlling variable, aldosterone.

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Focus on the Possible Role of Dietary Sodium, Potassium, Phosphate, Magnesium, and Calcium on CKD Progression

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10050958 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 958

Author(s):

Sandro Mazzaferro ◽

Natalia de Martini ◽

Jorge Cannata-Andía ◽

Mario Cozzolino ◽

Piergiorgio Messa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Habits ◽

Potassium Phosphate ◽

Dietary Sodium ◽

Ckd Progression ◽

Sodium Potassium ◽

Five Elements ◽

The Individual ◽

Practical Recommendations ◽

Phosphate Magnesium

The impressive estimated number of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients in the world justifies any possible effort at implementing preventive measures of disease progression. Renal insufficiency is associated with significant changes in the electrolyte handling and body balance of sodium, potassium, phosphate, magnesium, and calcium, all of which are biologically vital molecules. Dietary habits could contribute significantly to the optimal management of possible derangements. In this review, we examined the available evidence recommending dietary prescriptions for these five elements aiming at reducing CKD progression. Clear evidence that specific dietary prescriptions may halt or reduce CKD progression is lacking. However, some practical recommendations are possible to prescribe the best possible therapy to the individual CKD patient.

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Studies on the mechanism of acute glucose-induced aldosterone suppression. Role of corticotrophin

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.1030391 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 103 (3) ◽

pp. 391-399 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Claudia P. Ferrier ◽

Mario G. Bianchetti ◽

Carlo Beretta-Piccoli ◽

Ladislav Link ◽

Claude Bachman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasma Concentrations ◽

Plasma Potassium ◽

Plasma Aldosterone ◽

Renin Activity ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Loading Test ◽

Glucose Loading ◽

Group A ◽

Group B

Abstract. A possible role of corticotrophin in mediating the acute glucose-induced suppression of plasma aldosterone was assessed in two groups of normal subjects (group A, N = 9 and group B, N = 10), by studying the effects of a standard oral glucose loading test on plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, cortisol, potassium, aldosterone and renin activity, a) under basal conditions (groups A and B), b) after 2 days of dexamethasone (0.5 mg/6 h) (group A), c) after 8 weeks of treatment with the diuretic indapamide, 2.5 mg/day (group B) and d) after additional 2 days of combined administration of indapamide and dexamethasone (0.5 mg/6 h) (group B). In addition, the spontaneous daytime related variations of these parameters were assessed in group A in a control study without glucose loading. Under basal conditions, the acute increase in plasma glucose and insulin was accompanied by a significant decrease of plasma potassium (P < 0.01), cortisol (P < 0.01) and by a slight increase in plasma renin activity. None of these changes occurred in the control experiment without glucose loading. Dexamethasone caused a significant decrease in pre-loading plasma aldosterone. Indapamide caused a significant decrease in pre-loading plasma potassium and a marked stimulation of renin and aldosterone. After combined indapamide-dexamethasone administration, pre-loading plasma aldosterone decreased to control values. Glucose loading under dexamethasone or combined indapamide-dexamethasone administration caused a similar suppression of plasma aldosterone as observed under control conditions. These findings suggest that corticotrophin does not play an important role in mediating the acute aldosterone inhibitory effect of glucose loading. However, corticotrophin may contribute to the maintenance of the secondary hyperaldosteronism induced by diuretic treatment.

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