Ventilatory muscle training and the oxygen cost of sustained hyperpnea

1978 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 885-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Bradley ◽  
D. E. Leith
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Oxygen Cost ◽  
Subject Group ◽  
Muscle Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Ventilatory Muscles

We measured the oxygen cost of breathing during sustained voluntary normocarbic hyperpnea in 12 subjects (4 endurance trainers, 4 strength trainers, and 4 controls) before and after a 5-wk training program limited to the ventilatory muscles (Leith, D. E., and M. E. Bradley. J. Appl. Physiol. 41: 508–516, 1976). “Steady-state” measurements of oxygen consumption were made at pulmonary ventilations ranging from 103 to 250 l/min. There were marked differences in the relationship between the metabolic cost of breathing and pulmonary ventilations between subjects. Spontaneously chosen respiratory frequencies ranged from 80 to 120 breaths/min and varied widely, even in a given subject, suggesting that the optima for frequency are broad or that optimization was imperfect. The subject group who performed endurance training increased by 19% the level of hyperpnea that they could sustain for 7––15 min, and increased their oxygen consumptions during this hyperpnea by an average of 67%. Following a 15-wk period of detraining, endurance trainers had lost 50% of their gains in the ventilations that they could sustain and in the accompanying oxygen consumptions. We conclude that ventilatory muscle endurance training can appreciably increase the aerobic endurance of the respiratory muscles.

Diaphragmatic fatigue in man

1977 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Roussos ◽  
P. T. Macklem
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Transdiaphragmatic Pressure ◽  
Diaphragmatic Fatigue ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Experimental Runs

The time required (tlim) to produce fatigue of the diaphragm was determined in three normal seated subjects, breathing through a variety of high alinear, inspiratory resistances. During each breath in all experimental runs the subject generated a transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) which was a predetermined fraction of his maximum inspiratory Pdi (Pdimax) at functional residual capacity. The breathing test was performed until the subject was unable to generate this Pdi. The relationship between Pdi/Pdimax and tlim was curvilinear so that when Pdi/Pdimax was small tlim increased markedly for little changes in Pdi/Pdimax. The value of Pdi/Pdimax that could be generated indefinitely (Pdicrit) was around 0.4. Hypoxia appeared to have no influence on Pdicrit, but probably led to a reduction in tlim at Pdi greater than Pdicrit for equal rates of energy consumption. Insofar as the behavior of the diaphragm reflects that of other respiratory muscles it appears that quite high inspiratory loads can be tolerated indefinitely. However, when the energy consumption of the respiratory muscles exceeds a critical level, fatigue should develop. This may be a mechanism of respiratory failure in a variety in a variety of lung diseases.

Inspiratory muscle training lowers the oxygen cost of voluntary hyperpnea

2012 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise A. Turner ◽  
Sandra L. Tecklenburg-Lund ◽  
Robert F. Chapman ◽  
Joel M. Stager ◽  
Daniel P. Wilhite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Endurance Performance ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Inspiratory Muscle ◽  
Inspiratory Muscle Training ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Oxygen Cost ◽  
Muscle Training ◽  
Cycle Ergometer Test ◽  
Ergometer Test

The purpose of this study was to determine if inspiratory muscle training (IMT) alters the oxygen cost of breathing (V̇o2RM) during voluntary hyperpnea. Sixteen male cyclists completed 6 wk of IMT using an inspiratory load of 50% (IMT) or 15% placebo (CON) of maximal inspiratory pressure (Pimax). Prior to training, a maximal incremental cycle ergometer test was performed to determine V̇o2and ventilation (V̇E) at multiple workloads. Pre- and post-training, subjects performed three separate 4-min bouts of voluntary eucapnic hyperpnea (mimic), matching V̇Ethat occurred at 50, 75, and 100% of V̇o2 max. Pimaxwas significantly increased ( P < 0.05) by 22.5 ± 8.7% from pre- to post-IMT and remained unchanged in the CON group. The V̇o2RMrequired during the mimic trial corresponded to 5.1 ± 2.5, 5.7 ± 1.4, and 11.7% ± 2.5% of the total V̇o2(V̇o2T) at ventilatory workloads equivalent to 50, 75, and 100% of V̇o2 max, respectively. Following IMT, the V̇o2RMrequirement significantly decreased ( P < 0.05) by 1.5% (4.2 ± 1.4% of V̇o2T) at 75% V̇o2 maxand 3.4% (8.1 ± 3.5% of V̇o2T) at 100% V̇o2 max. No significant changes were shown in the CON group. IMT significantly reduced the O2cost of voluntary hyperpnea, which suggests that a reduction in the O2requirement of the respiratory muscles following a period of IMT may facilitate increased O2availability to the active muscles during exercise. These data suggest that IMT may reduce the O2cost of ventilation during exercise, providing an insight into mechanism(s) underpinning the reported improvements in whole body endurance performance; however, this awaits further investigation.

scholarly journals The respiration muscles recovery tangent after the breath holding: The study of affirmation of methods of knowledge

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-38
Author(s):  
Mirko Ostojić ◽  
Đorđe Stefanović
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Time ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Original Method ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Individual

The subject of this research is the individual respiration constant calculated based on the respiratory musculature breathing equation. This non-experimental observation conducted on a sample of students from the Faculty of Sports and Physical Education in Belgrade (N=30). The measurement aimed at the acquisition and analysis of the average power of the surface electromyography signal (sEMG) in the protocols before and after prolonged respiratory retention. The results of the research showed that the individual coefficient of control break (Cp) represents a unique characteristic of the respiratory muscles of the subjects. In a relatively trained sample of young people of both sexes, it determined that after holding their breath, until the moment of the so-called "stroke" (progression of respiration to adapt to a stressful situation), recovery time has a linear course and is directly related to the engagement of the monitored respiratory muscles of the subjects, i.e., indirectly the capacity of the individual to assimilate O2 from the inhaled air. In the practical meaning of this research, we emphasize that individual results can be correlated with the equation of respiration of respiratory muscles, to find out and approach the original method for the presented personal respirational constant.

scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS OF ENDURANCE TRAINING BASED ON SMALL-SIDED GAMES MODEL FOR BEGINNER WOMEN FUTSAL

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
pp. 258-268
Author(s):  
Ayu Purnama Wenly Wenly ◽  
Ramdan Pelana ◽  
Aan Wasan
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Performance Variables ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Data Value ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean

This study aims to see the effectiveness of endurance training based on small-sided games models for female futsal begginer players. The subject of the study is 12 beginner female futsal players from Padang Futsal Academy aged 19-23 years. The endurance variables are measured before and after endurance training based on small-sided games program is given. Research instruments using Multi Stage Fitness Test (MSFT). The results of the pre-test analysis were an average value of 28.6 ml/kg/min, the highest value of 31.4 ml/kg/min, the lowest value of 25.2 ml/kg/minute. Furthermore, the results of post-test analysis were the average data value of 37.9 ml/kg/min, the highest value of 41.1 ml/kg/min, the lowest value of 36.2 ml/kg/min. Test paired Sample T-Test through SPSS.26 application obtained Sig value. (2-tailed) of 0.000 < 0.05, it was concluded that there is an average difference between pre-test and post-test in Padang Futsal academy athletes in Padang City. Then, the mean difference between pre-test and post-test is 7.6417. This finding shows that the endurance training based on small-sided games programs has a significant effect on the performance variables of endurance in Padang Futsal Academy athletes in Padang City.  

scholarly journals Effects of Endurance Training on Functional Status of the Respiratory Muscles in Healthy Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 235-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Klusiewicz ◽  
Łukasz Zubik ◽  
Barbara Długołęcka ◽  
Małgorzata Charmas ◽  
Jerzy Broniec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Status ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Inspiratory Muscles ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Introduction. The aim of the study was to assess the influence of an 8-week endurance training program on the functional status of the respiratory muscles and breathing efficiency. Material and methods. Thirteen healthy, untrained, male students of Physical Education volunteered to participate in the study. Before and after the subjects completed the training program, they were subjected to anthropometric and spirometric measurements, and performed an incremental stress test. The spirometric measurements included maximal inspiratory pressure (PImax), active time, passive time, and diaphragm relaxation time. Measuring PImax is a simple method of evaluating the strength of the inspiratory muscles. The 8-week training program was performed on a rowing ergometer 3 times per week, using aerobic workloads. Results. The study did not confirm a significant improvement in the measured spirometric parameters following the training program. However, we observed a trend of increase in PImax values by 12 ± 21% of borderline after the training program and a significant correlation (p < 0.05) between the changes in PImax and those in VO2 max. Following the training there was also a significant reduction in the amount of body fat by 1.4 kg and an improvement of work capacity. The response of the respiratory system to exercise was also enhanced, as breathing efficiency improved (tidal volume increased in maximal exercise, while lung ventilation, the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen, and breathing frequency decreased in submaximal exercise). Conclusions. The findings of the study suggest that traditional endurance training which is implemented over a 8 weeks is not a sufficiently strong stimulus to cause a significant increase in the strength of the inspiratory muscles.

scholarly journals An epistemological analysis of the application of an online inquiry-based program in tourism education

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liwei Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Epistemological Beliefs ◽  
Font Size ◽  
Inquiry Based Learning ◽  
Tourism Education ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Long Term Retention ◽  
Epistemological Analysis ◽  
The Relationship

<span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;"> </span><p>This paper was designed to investigate the application of an online inquiry-based program to European tourism from an epistemological perspective. Fifty tourism students (n = 50) participated in this study and their epistemological beliefs were measured with the Epistemological Belief Scale. A set of pre-, post-, and delayed tests were utilised to assess each participant’s learning outcomes. The results showed that online inquiry-based learning (IBL) did change the participants’ epistemological beliefs significantly, with a large effect size (Cohen’s d) of .83. However, correlation analyses indicated that the relationship between an individual’s epistemological beliefs before and after the online IBL experience, and the differences of pre- and post-tests, is rather low (g = .287). Yet, the association between their changed epistemological beliefs and the delayed test was higher (g = .556). These results suggest the possible effectiveness of online IBL in helping tourism students’ develop more sophisticated epistemological beliefs, which may not be able to help learners comprehend the subject matter immediately but may facilitate better long-term retention.</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"> </p><span style="font-family: 新細明體; font-size: small;"> </span>

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENERAPAN METODE TERAPI KOMUNIKASI TOTAL TERHADAP PASIEN AFASIA GLOBAL PASCA STROKE

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-83
Author(s):  
Hendra Djuhendi ◽  
Popon Popon
Keyword(s):  
Case Study Research ◽  
Sentence Structure ◽  
Thought Processes ◽  
Patient Medical Record ◽  
Total Communication ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Communication Methods

Background: Individuals with aphasia experience speech, listening and writing disorders although they do not affect intelligence due to brain damage which contains language, usually on the left side of the left cerebral hemisphere. Aphasia cases can be handled by semantic divergent methods. Objective: This study aims to determine the treatment of adult aphasia patients who have impaired word discovery, compose sentences that sometimes express them not using the correct sentence structure, using the semantic divergent method. There were also some patients who experienced disturbances in the relationship between thought processes and language; the inability to turn thoughts into sentences. This study was conducted on a female patient with Global Aphasia Post Stroke aged 84 years at the Cibabat Regional General Hospital, Cimahi. Methods: The research method used is experimental case study research which aims to determine the condition of the subject before and after intervention or therapy. Data collection was carried out through the WOTS stage, namely interviews with the client's parents, direct observation of clients, conducting tests on clients, and study of patient medical record documents. Conclusion: The results showed that after 20 sessions of therapy, the ability to designate the patient's noun level increased where the initial test scored 0 points and the final test scored 8 points with a success percentage of 80% of the maximum 10 points get tested. Based on these results it can be concluded that the application of total communication methods in global aphasia patients is successful.

Ventilatory muscle strength and endurance training

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-516 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Leith ◽  
M. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Strength ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Respiratory Mechanics ◽  
Total Lung Capacity ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Muscle Training ◽  
Lung Capacity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Ventilatory Muscles ◽  
Increased Pressure

We studied respiratory mechanics in young volunteers before and after 5-wk training programs limited to the ventilatory muscles. Four strength trainers (S) performed repeated static maximum inspiratory and expiratory maneuvers against obstructed airways. Four endurance trainers (E) performed voluntary normocarbic hyperpnea to exhaustion. Subjects spent 30–45 min each day in these exercises, 5 days a week. Four control subjects (C) did no training. We attempted to minimize the effect of learning. S increased pressure maximums by about 55%, but vital capacity and total lung capacity by only about 4%. Initially all subjects could sustain hyperpnea at about 81% of their control 15-s maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) for 15 min; E increased this to about 96% and increased their MVV by 14% as well. No other statistically significant changes were recognized in any group. We conclude that ventilatory muscle strength or endurance can be specifically increased by appropriate ventilatory muscle training programs.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Enhancing Spatial Ability Through Sport Practice

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Moreau ◽  
Jérome Clerc ◽  
Annie Mansy-Dannay ◽  
Alain Guerrien
Keyword(s):  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Spatial Representations ◽  
Mental Rotation Test ◽  
Sport Training ◽  
Sport Practice ◽  
Undergraduate University Students ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cognitive Plasticity ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
The Relationship

This experiment investigated the relationship between mental rotation and sport training. Undergraduate university students (n = 62) completed the Mental Rotation Test ( Vandenberg & Kuse, 1978 ), before and after a 10-month training in two different sports, which either involved extensive mental rotation ability (wrestling group) or did not (running group). Both groups showed comparable results in the pretest, but the wrestling group outperformed the running group in the posttest. As expected from previous studies, males outperformed women in the pretest and the posttest. Besides, self-reported data gathered after both sessions indicated an increase in adaptive strategies following training in wrestling, but not subsequent to training in running. These findings demonstrate the significant effect of training in particular sports on mental rotation performance, thus showing consistency with the notion of cognitive plasticity induced from motor training involving manipulation of spatial representations. They are discussed within an embodied cognition framework.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document