ОПАЖЕНА МОТИВАЦИОНА КЛИМА КРЕИРАНА ОД СТРАНЕ ТРЕНЕРА И ФИЗИЧКА САМОЕФИКАСНОСТ КАО ПРЕДИКТОРИ СПОРТСКОГ ЗАДОВОЉСТВА КОД МЛАДИХ СРПСКИХ СПОРТИСТКИЊА

Полазећи од Теорије циљева, али и Бандурине теорије самоефикасности и Тријадног модела реципрочне узрочности, овај рад испитује релације опажене мотивционе климе креиране од стране тренера и физичке самоефикасности младих спортисткиња са степеном задовољства у спорту. Узорак се састоји од 117 младих спортисткиња узраста 11 и 17 година (А.С.= 13,62) из ​​Србије; које тренирају одбојку (У=51), кошарку (У=48) и рукомет (У=18) у различитим клубовима. Током 2017. године, испитанице су испуњавале Упитник о задовољству спортиста (Athlete Satisfaction Questionnaire – ASQ, Riemer, & Chelladurai, 1998) - субскалу задовољство личним извођење и искоришћеношћу способности спортиста; Упитник Опажене мотивационе климе у спорту креирану од стране тренера (Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 - PMCSQ-2 (Newton, Duda & Yin, 2000) - скраћену верзију која издваја три субскале: мотивациону климу усмерену на учење, фаворизовање играча и кажњавање; Упитник Физичке самоефикасности (The Physical Self-Efficacy Scale, Ryckman et al., 1982) - субскала опажене физичке способности. Резултати регресионе анализе показују да опажена мотивациона клима креирана од стране тренера и опажена физичка способност представљају значајне предикторе (F(4,107)= 31.779, p=.00) који објашњавају 55% ​​задовољства спортисткиња. Као значајни индивидуални предиктори издвојили су се мотивациона клима усмерена на учење и опажена физичка способност. Начин на који спортисткиње опажају понашање тренера, али и сопствену физичку самоефикасност повезани су са задовољством у спорту. Спортисти који имају изражен степен задовољства у спорту постижу значајне спортске резултате и настављају да се континирано баве спортом. Значај добијених резултата огледа се у бољем разумевању фактора који доприносе задовољству код младих спортисткиња и креирању превентивних програма одустајања од спорта код адолесценткиња спортискиња.

An active workout time of students during physical education classes applying different organizational-methodical forms of work

Physical education teaching is recognized as one of the key factors in promoting and increasing the physical activity of children and youth. However, the analysis of studies dealing with the students physical activity in physical education classes in primary school, showed that the share of time that students spend in physical activity in classes does not meet half of the total time duration of the class. Therefore, an active workout time of students during physical education classes was chosen to be the subject of this research. The goal of this research was to establish an active workout time of students in relation to different organizational-methodical forms of work in the main phase of the physical education class. Also, the goal of this research was to assess the activity of a physical education teacher in the physical and health education class, in relation to the applied organizational-methodical form of work. The research was conducted on a sample of 22 fifth grade elementary school students, where three classes of sports gymnastics were held. For providing information about students' physical activity and teacher's didactic-methodical activity, validated instrument SOFIT was used. All data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. It is determined that an active workout time of students in each class was over 50% of the total time duration of the class. The students' most active workout time was during a parallel-class form of exercises - 24.17 min, or 65.32%, in comparison with the total time of the class. During additional exercises, activity was 57.21%, while the shortest active time was during stops method (56.62%). The teacher spent most of the time giving instructions to the students, where, while applying a parallel-class form of exercises this task was using 49.55% of the total time of class, stops method 44.66% and additional exercises 36.04%. The rest of the time, the teacher was using "promotion of fitness" (encouraging students) and exercise assistance.

The estimate of agreement between the three different classification systems for determining students nutritional status

The aim of this paper is to determine the agreement in assessing the nutritional status of adolescents using the classification systems of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and the World Health Organization (WHO). Non-experimental observation was performed on a sample of 213 first grade high school students from Banja Luka, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina, with an average age of 15.67 years, of which 89 (41.8%) were male and 124 female (58.2%). Each of the subjects was categorized according to a unique scale, as underweight, normal weight, overweight or obese, using IOTF, CDC and WHO reference values. The Cohen kappa coefficient (k) was used to estimate the agreement of the three classification systems in determining nutritional status. The prevalence of underweight was found to be highest according to IOTF standards in both sexes, while the prevalence of overweight was highest according to WHO references. The differences between analyzed three systems are not large for the obese category, especially in girls. In boys, CDC references show a slightly higher percentage of obese compared to the other two systems. The agreement between the classification systems ranges from 0.83 to 0.86 on the total sample of respondents based on all nutritional status categories, which can be considered a reliable parameter for further monitoring, comparison and prescribing of measures.

Discourse of discipline: Communicative strategies in coaches' speech

The great importance sport plays in modern society has resulted in analyses of many aspects of its social dynamics. The relationship of its main actors, in this case the coaches and athletes, was most often discussed form pedagogical, psychological and sociological stances and a relatively small number of studies referred to their communication, or rather its linguistic expression. The aim of this research was to describe the pragmatic mechanisms and the strategy of disciplining that coaches use when talking to athletes in two typical situations in sport: in training and at a competition. The research corpus, collected by a Discourse Completion Test, consists of authentic responses from 93 coaches of both genders. The corpus for analysis included 196 responses, categorised as clusters of speech acts which according to the strategic model could be categorised as examples of the disciplining strategy. Qualitative analysis provided an insight into the types of speech acts used in the analysed speech sequences, the functioning of politeness strategies used to mitigate the pressure on the interlocutors face, conversation implicatures and presuppositions which enable interpretation of the intended meaning that shapes coaches' discourse. The results of the analysis imply that coaches prefer using a more direct strategy in both observed situations, but also that by combining politeness strategies and indirectness they frequently disguise their communicative intentions, which most often refer to disciplining and requiring a change in the behaviour of the athlete. The conclusions we reached could be practically used in the education of coaches, by raising awareness of the importance of the aspects of linguistic production that would be appropriate in training and competitive situations, since the choice of linguistic strategies can improve the interaction of coaches and athletes.

Hematological status and functional abilities of the cardiorespiratory system of physically active female vegans

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of vegan diet on hematological parameters, and to compare the functional abilities of the cardiorespiratory system of vegans and counterparts on a standard diet. The sample consisted of 24 females, divided into two groups: 11 vegans and 13 women on a standard diet. Assessment of the level of physical activity of the participants was estimated by the standard IPAQ questionnaire. Hematological analysis included: complete blood count, blood lipid profile, vitamin B12 and iron. Basic anthropometric variables were monitored, and a submaximal Astrand test on a bicycle ergometer was used to estimate maximal oxygen consumption. The RAMP continuous protocol was used to measure the maximum values of heart rate and blood pressure. The results showed that active vegans have a significantly lower body weight and body mass index compared to active women on a standard diet. The number of erythrocytes and platelets, as well as LDL - cholesterol show lower values in vegans compared to the control group (p<0.01). Indicators of the functional abilities of the cardiorespiratory system do not differ between active vegans and women on a standard diet.

Volleyball players long term development through game system learning

The subject of this paper are training methodologies important for improving tactics in youth categories of volleyball players. In practice, coaches very quickly switch from learning the 6: 0 system (initial system), to the 5: 1 system (competitive - senior), which for beginners leads to limitations in the manifestation of tactical and strategic skills, but also the effectiveness of technical elements in competition. The aim of this paper is to show the ageoriented, ie chronological and experience-oriented methodology of learning the system in volleyball. Order in training, respect for chronological, motor and sports age, timely specialization and orientation towards the principles of motor learning are recognized as factors leading to the expected outcome in the individual career of an athlete, making training methods effective and desirable in practice.

The respiration muscles recovery tangent after the breath holding: The study of affirmation of methods of knowledge

The subject of this research is the individual respiration constant calculated based on the respiratory musculature breathing equation. This non-experimental observation conducted on a sample of students from the Faculty of Sports and Physical Education in Belgrade (N=30). The measurement aimed at the acquisition and analysis of the average power of the surface electromyography signal (sEMG) in the protocols before and after prolonged respiratory retention. The results of the research showed that the individual coefficient of control break (Cp) represents a unique characteristic of the respiratory muscles of the subjects. In a relatively trained sample of young people of both sexes, it determined that after holding their breath, until the moment of the so-called "stroke" (progression of respiration to adapt to a stressful situation), recovery time has a linear course and is directly related to the engagement of the monitored respiratory muscles of the subjects, i.e., indirectly the capacity of the individual to assimilate O2 from the inhaled air. In the practical meaning of this research, we emphasize that individual results can be correlated with the equation of respiration of respiratory muscles, to find out and approach the original method for the presented personal respirational constant.

The influence of external and internal factors on the squat jump height

Squat jump is an important tool - an exercise that determines power of kinetic chain muscle groups which leads to jump height. Science and practice registered numerous factors that influence the squat jump height, the most important are set out and described. The aim of this article was to describe and explain the influence of external and internal factors on the squat jump height. The paper compares and comments on the results of available domestic and foreign scientific research. The analysis of the researched sources concluded that the greatest influence on the squat jump height among the external factors has the way of performance, while the greatest influence among internal factors has growth. The results of this article can be used to improve the quality of directing and abilities testing as well as the training process to achieve the best in sports and sports branches.

Assessment of a knee resistance by applying the computational methods

In tennis, the complex serving motions produce high mechanical stresses on player's musculoskeletal, tendon and ligament joints. In this paper, different cognitive methods have been integrated in order to non-invasively assess the knee's bone and cartilage resistance at the maximum power tennis serve. The proposed methodology is based on the creation of patientspecific biomechanical model, as well as on the tracking the knee's kinematics, ground force measurement, inverse dynamics modelling and analysis of the knee using the Finite Element Method with aim to assess the knee resistance of a tennis player, considering acute deformations and potential injuries. The main objective of this paper is development of the optimised computational technology and creation of practical diagnostic tool for non-invasive assessment of the knee function during specific moves and motions in tennis. It is expected that this approach can provide prediction and injury prevention in training and competitive tennis to a significant extent.

Is there a need to increase the number of substitutions in modern professional football?

Football is the most important and popular sport in the world, being influenced by several aspects and generating a billion dollar financial income. The constant scientific advancement of the modality allows a rapid evolution of football, being important to constantly review aspects of its dynamics and, consequently, its laws. The aim of this work is to analyze and argue, based on several aspects, e.g., evolution of the modality, physiological aspects, incidence of injuries, relationship with the media and economic aspects, etc., if there is a need to increase substitutions in modern professional football matches. In order to achieve this objective, a wide bibliographic research on the most important aspects of football was used.. As demonstrated throughout the text, according to the constant changes that have occurred in various aspects related to football over the years, there is a need for changes in the regulations to meet the need and provide a greater evolution of the modality. In this way, we believe that the increase in the number of substitutions can be very beneficial for football in general, mainly to make the modality more dynamic and attractive to the spectators.