Breathing pattern during maximal exercise and during submaximal exercise with hypercapnia

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 238-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Gallagher ◽  
E. Brown ◽  
M. Younes
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Breathing Pattern ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Incremental Exercise ◽  
Exercise Ventilation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Progressive Exercise ◽  
Very High

During progressive exercise ventilation (VI) initially increases through increases in both tidal volume (VT) and respiratory frequency (f) but at high levels of exercise further increases in VI are almost completely due to increases in f and a VT plateau is seen. We wished to determine whether the presence of the VT plateau is due to a tachypneic influence related to very high levels of exercise or whether it represents a stereotypic response of the respiratory system at high levels of VI. We therefore compared breathing pattern in six subjects during maximal incremental exercise (ME) with that in the same subjects when similar levels of VI were obtained by a combination of submaximal exercise and hypercapnia (E/CO2). A VT plateau was seen in all ME and E/CO2 tests. There was no significant difference in the level of the VT plateau between the ME (2.93 +/- 0.17 liters) and E/CO2 (2.97 +/- 0.12 liters) tests. We conclude that the presence and level of the VT plateau during ME is not due to a tachypneic stimulus related to very high levels of exercise but is a function of the level of VI.

scholarly journals Respiratory Function in Normal Singleton Pregnancy, Multifetal Gestation and Polyhydramnios

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susmita Kundu ◽  
Shyamal Dasgupta ◽  
Gayetri Koppolu ◽  
Tarun Kumar Ghosh ◽  
Amitava Mukherjee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Normal Pregnancy ◽  
Volume Measurement ◽  
Inspiratory Capacity ◽  
Singleton Pregnancy ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACT Study of respiratory functions of four groups of women Nonpregnant, early pregnancy, singleton pregnancy at 36 weeks and twin/ polyhydramnios at 36 weeks reveal that inspiratory capacity (IC), tidal volume (TV) and expiratory reserve volume (ERV) in different group pairing have statistically significant difference. This is very important during the assessment of pregnant mother suffering from respiratory or cardiopulmonary disorder. Objectives This study aims to observe the additional demands placed on the maternal respiratory system in cases of advanced normal pregnancy or over distended uterus, like multifetal gestation and polyhydramnios, and whether the average Indian woman is able to cope with these respiratory changes. Methods Around 80 women were divided into four equal groups which included non-pregnant controls, normal early pregnancy (< 20 weeks), normal singleton pregnancy at 36 weeks and multifetal gestation/polyhydramnios, underwent spirometry for static lung volume measurement. The overall comparison was done by using the Kruskal-Wallis test whereas the individual comparison by Mann-Whitney test. Final statistical computing was performed with SPSS statistical package. Results The groups were comparable on the basis of age, height and hemoglobin levels. Comparisons of various groups show statistically significant difference in tidal volume, inspiratory capacity and expiratory reserve volume specially in advance pregnancy with control nonpregnant mothers without significant adverse effect on respiratory system. Conclusions Results of the study indicate that though there are significant respiratory functional changes, healthy women, even having twin/polyhydramnios, can tolerate this well. But this knowledge is very important to assess and to formulate management of pregnant women with respiratory or cardiopulmonary compromise.

Breathing pattern during and after exercise of different intensities

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 898-908 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Younes ◽  
J. Burks
Keyword(s):  
Breathing Pattern ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Systematic Difference ◽  
Pulmonary Congestion ◽  
Interstitial Edema ◽  
Shallow Breathing ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Very High ◽  
Rapid Shallow Breathing

We recently observed rapid shallow breathing during recovery from maximal exercise in some normal subjects. We wondered whether this phenomenon is randomly related to level of exercise or is limited to recovery from very high levels of exercise. We monitored ventilation, tidal volume, and respiratory frequency in seven normal subjects during and after exercise. Each subject exercised on several occasions on separate days. At least two of the tests were maximal (i.e., subject terminated). In the other tests exercise was terminated by the experimenter at different fractions of the highest level attained by the subject. There was no systematic difference between breathing pattern during exercise and recovery in tests where final O2 consumption (VO2) was 45–92% of the subjects– highest VO2. By contrast 13 of 19 studies in which final VO2 was 92–100% of highest VO2 were followed by relative rapid shallow breathing. We conclude that rapid shallow breathing during recovery from exercise is a phenomenon that is limited to very high exercise levels. On consideration of the various mechanisms that may be entertained to explain this phenomenon, we believe that development of pulmonary congestion-interstitial edema at very high levels of exercise is the most consistent with our findings.

Effect of endurance exercise training on ventilatory function in older individuals

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 791-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Yerg ◽  
D. R. Seals ◽  
J. M. Hagberg ◽  
J. O. Holloszy
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Ventilatory Function ◽  
O2 Uptake ◽  
Exercise Ventilation ◽  
Ventilatory Equivalent ◽  
Sedentary Subjects

To evaluate the effect of endurance training on ventilatory function in older individuals, 1) 14 master athletes (MA) [age 63 +/- 2 yr (mean +/- SD); maximum O2 uptake (VO2max) 52.1 +/- 7.9 ml . kg-1 . min-1] were compared with 14 healthy male sedentary controls (CON) (age 63 +/- 3 yr; VO2max of 27.6 +/- 3.4 ml . kg-1 . min-1), and 2) 11 sedentary healthy men and women, age 63 +/- 2 yr, were reevaluated after 12 mo of endurance training that increased their VO2max 25%. MA had a significantly lower ventilatory response to submaximal exercise at the same O2 uptake (VE/VO2) and greater maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), maximal exercise ventilation (VEmax), and ratio of VEmax to MVV than CON. Except for MVV, all of these parameters improved significantly in the previously sedentary subjects in response to training. Hypercapnic ventilatory response (HCVR) at rest and the ventilatory equivalent for CO2 (VE/VCO2) during submaximal exercise were similar for MA and CON and unaffected by training. We conclude that the increase in VE/VO2 during submaximal exercise observed with aging can be reversed by endurance training, and that after training, previously sedentary older individuals breathe at the same percentage of MVV during maximal exercise as highly trained athletes of similar age.

scholarly journals Differences in cardiorespiratory responses of young and senior male endurance athletes to maximal graded exercise test

2020 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-454
Author(s):  
M. Michalis ◽  
K.J. Finn ◽  
R. Podstawski ◽  
S. Gabnai ◽  
Á. Koller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Threshold ◽  
Exercise Test ◽  
Power Output ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
Incremental Exercise ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Young Athletes ◽  
Exercise Economy ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Male Subjects

AbstractWithin recent years the popularity of sportive activities amongst older people, particularly competitive activities within certain age groups has increased. The purpose of this study was to assess the differences in the cardiorespiratory output at anaerobic threshold and at maximal power, output during an incremental exercise, among senior and young athletes. Ten elderly male subjects [mean (SD) age: 68.45 ± 9.32 years] and eight young male subjects [mean (SD) age: 25.87 ± 5.87 years] performed an incremental exercise test on a treadmill ergometer. No significant differences in body size were evident; however, the differences between the groups for peak power (451.62 ± 49 vs. 172.4 ± 32.2 W), aerobic capacity (57.97 ± 7.5 vs. 40.36 ± 8.6 mL kg−1 min−1), maximal heart rate (190.87 ± 9.2 vs. 158.5 ± 9.1 beats min−1), peak blood lactate (11 ± 1.7 vs. 7.3 ± 1.4 mmol L−1), and % VO2max at ventilatory thresholds (93.18 ± 4.3 vs. 79.29 ± 9.9%) were significantly lower in the senior athletes. The power output at anaerobic threshold was also higher (392 ± 48 vs. 151 ± 23 W) in the young athletes, explaining the significant difference in terms of performance between these groups. We have observed an evident deterioration in some of the cardiovascular parameters; however, the submaximal exercise economy seems to be preserved with aging. Exercise economy (i.e. metabolic cost of sustained submaximal exercise) was not different considerably with age in endurance-trained adults.

Carotid chemoreceptors and respiratory adaptations to dead space loading during incremental exercise

1993 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 1378-1384 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Syabbalo ◽  
T. Zintel ◽  
R. Watts ◽  
C. G. Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Dead Space ◽  
Breathing Pattern ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
Incremental Exercise ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Carotid Chemoreceptors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Air Control ◽  
And Control

Dead space (VD) loading has been shown to cause an increase in tidal volume and a decrease in respiratory frequency at moderate to high levels of ventilation (VI) during exercise (J. Appl. Physiol. 70: 55–62, 1991). This study examined the role of carotid chemoreceptors (CC) in the breathing pattern response to added VD during maximal incremental exercise; we used hyperoxia to silence the CC. Nine healthy subjects exercised on a bicycle ergometer on 4 different days while inspiring air with VD (AVD) and without VD [air control (AC)] and while inspiring 100% O2 with VD (O2VD) and without VD (O2C). Equipment resistance for VD and control studies was identical, and the exercise tests were done in a randomized order. At a matched level of VI equivalent to 75% VI at the end of the AC experiments (102 l/min), the breathing pattern in the AVD and O2VD tests was significantly deeper and slower (P < 0.05) than that in the AC and O2C tests. The difference in tidal volume between AVD and AC tests (delta = 0.26 +/- 0.16 liter) was not significantly different from that between O2VD and O2C tests (delta = 0.23 +/- 0.23 liter). The breathing pattern was the same in the AC and O2C tests. It is concluded that the altered breathing pattern with VD loading is not mediated by the CC.

Respiratory adaptations to dead space loading during maximal incremental exercise

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. McParland ◽  
J. Mink ◽  
C. G. Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Carotid Body ◽  
Dead Space ◽  
Breathing Pattern ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Time Profile ◽  
Incremental Exercise ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Heavy Exercise ◽  
Ventilatory Capacity

We examined the effects of dead space (VD) loading on breathing pattern during maximal incremental exercise in eight normal subjects. Addition of external VD was associated with a significant increase in tidal volume (VT) and decrease in respiratory frequency (f) at moderate and high levels of ventilation (VI); at a VI of 120 l/min, VT and f with added VD were 3.31 +/- 0.33 liters and 36.7 +/- 6.7 breaths/min, respectively, compared with 2.90 +/- 0.29 liters and 41.8 +/- 7.3 breaths/min without added VD. Because breathing pattern does not change with CO2 inhalation during heavy exercise (Gallagher et al. J. Appl. Physiol. 63: 238–244, 1987), the breathing pattern response to added VD is probably a consequence of alteration in the PCO2 time profile, possibly sensed by the carotid body and/or airway-pulmonary chemoreceptors. The increase in VT during heavy exercise with VD loading indicates that the tachypneic breathing pattern of heavy exercise is not due to mechanical limitation of maximum ventilatory capacity at high levels of VT.

Peak Oxygen Uptake of Elite Wheelchair Athletes

1990 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth D. Coutts
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Exercise ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Wheelchair Athletes ◽  
Ventilatory Equivalent ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Progressive Exercise ◽  
Track Athletes

Nine male elite wheelchair athletes performed a continuous progressive exercise test on a wheelchair ergometer to determine peak oxygen uptake. Three were paraplegic distance track competitors (SCI–TR), three were amputee distance track athletes (AMP–TR), and three were paraplegic basketball players (SCI–BB). Analysis of variance indicated a significant difference in the relative peak oxygen uptake between the groups, with the SCI–TR and AMP–TR groups having higher values than the SCI–BB group. No group differences were found in age, mass, oxygen uptake, ventilation, heart rate, ventilatory equivalent for oxygen, and oxygen pulse at maximal exercise. The absence of the mass of the lower extremities in the AMP–TR group has a significant effect on peak oxygen uptake relative to body mass, and relative peak oxygen uptake differences between individual SCI–TR and AMP–TR athletes did not appear to reflect performance differences in actual distance track events.

Attitudes toward the use of TELL tools in English language learning among Vietnamese Tertiary English majors

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 581-596
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Proficiency ◽  
English Language ◽  
English Language Learning ◽  
Guided Learning ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
English Majors ◽  
Very High ◽  
Different Levels

Technology plays a crucial role in the self-guided learning of a second language in general and English in particular. Nevertheless, many students in different contexts still ignore the application of technology-enhanced language learning (TELL) tools in enhancing their foreign language proficiency. Therefore, this study is conducted to investigate the attitudes towards the use of TELL tools in English-language learning (ELL) among English majors at one university in Vietnam. To collect data, 197 English majors participated in finishing the questionnaire, and 20 students were invited to join the interviews. The findings are that the majority of students have positive attitudes towards the use of TELL tools and the frequency of using these tools is very high. In addition, the results also reveal that there is no significant difference in attitudes towards and frequency of using TELL tools in learning English in terms of the year of study. However, students of different levels of academic achievements have different attitudes towards using TELL tools and use TELL tools to learn English differently. Received 2nd May 2019; Revised 16th July 2019, Accepted 20th October 2019

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